{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:31:36Z","timestamp":1793428296743,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital deformities and neoplasia are poorly documented in wildlife, owing to the difficulty of detection in wild populations. Congenital deformities may lead to premature mortality, thus reducing the chances of thorough documentation. Importantly, neoplasia diagnoses depend on either sampling suspicious lesions from living individuals or access to fresh, undisturbed carcasses, which can prove challenging. We describe five cases of suspected congenital cranial deformities (midfacial cleft, wry nose, and brachygnathia inferior) and two possible cases of cranial neoplasia (orbital bone mass and a soft tissue mass) opportunistically observed in wild giraffe (Giraffa spp.) across their range in Africa. Although cases are largely limited to subjective description because physical examination is often not possible, it is critical to document such observations to help identify and track potential health concerns in wild giraffe populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T09:27:26Z","timestamp":1688117246000},"page":"472-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Congenital and Neoplastic Cranial Deformities in Wild Giraffe (Giraffa spp.)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Kaitho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Wildlife Service, Veterinary Services Department, PO Box 40241\u20130100 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Lekolool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Wildlife Service, Veterinary Services Department, PO Box 40241\u20130100 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Muneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Michelmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lachlan","family":"McFeeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Ahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rigardt","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Fennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Fennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099 Eros, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WJ Foreyt, GA Hullinger, CW Leathers,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  27, \"Squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana).\" 518 (1991)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-27.3.518"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MW Barret  and GA Chalmers  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  11, \"Congenital anomalies in a neonatal white-tailed deer in Alberta.\" 497 (1975)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-11.4.497"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Bohner, M B\u00fchler, A Bienert-Zeit, et al.  \"J Comp Pathol.\"  185, \"Complex odontoma in a young 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Vermeulen,  \"Facebook.\"  \"Poor baby. . . but without a mirror this giraffe doesn't know she has a deformity.\" (2022)"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ES Williams, ET Thorne, IJ Yorgason,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  25, \"Cranial osteochondroma in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).\" 258 (1989)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.2.258"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Wobeser  and W Runge  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  9, \"Multiple anomalies in a white-tailed deer fetus.\" 356 (1973)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-9.4.356"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:42:11Z","timestamp":1793425331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-3\/JWD-D-22-00102\/Congenital-and-Neoplastic-Cranial-Deformities-in-Wild-Giraffe-Giraffa-spp\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00102.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}