{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:31:38Z","timestamp":1793428298595,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1688117286000},"page":"487-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Taylor M.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor C.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Loyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Parque Nacional Gal\u00e1pagos, Departamento de Ecosistemas, Isla Santa Cruz EC200350, Islas Gal\u00e1pagos, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly L.","family":"Vaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Deresienski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Riofr\u00edo-Lazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galapagos Science Center, USFQ & UNC-Chapel Hill, Av. Alsacio Northia, Isla San Crist\u00f3bal EC200150, Islas Gal\u00e1pagos, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Lewbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"P\u00e1ez-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galapagos Science Center, USFQ & UNC-Chapel Hill, Av. Alsacio Northia, Isla San Crist\u00f3bal EC200150, Islas Gal\u00e1pagos, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"16","unstructured":"\"Basic local alignment search tool.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D P\u00e1ez-Rosas, X Moreno-S\u00e1nchez, A Tripp-Valdez, et al.  \"Reg Stud Mar Sci.\"  40, \"Changes in the Galapagos sea lion diet as a response to El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation.\" 101485 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2020.101485"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CA Simeone, FM Gulland, T Norris, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  10, \"A systematic review of changes in marine mammal health in North America, 1972\u20132012: The need for a novel integrated approach.\" e0142105 (2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142105"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Alho, I Marcelino, V Colella, et al.  \"Parasite Vector.\"  10, \"Dirofilaria immitis in 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Trillmich,  \"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  \"Zalophus wollebaeki.\" (2015)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41668A45230540.en"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"CL Field, FMD Gulland, SP Johnson, et al.  \"CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine.\"  \"Seal and sea lion medicine.\" 909 (2018)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:42:18Z","timestamp":1793425338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-3\/JWD-D-22-00119\/Dirofilaria-immitis-Identified-in-Galapagos-Sea-Lions-Zalophus-wollebaeki\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00119.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}