{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:55:34Z","timestamp":1791248134419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Surveillance data collected in the period 2017\u201320 for Brucella spp. in wildlife of the Lombardy Region in northern Italy were used to describe the exposure of the wildlife species to Brucella spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa), European brown hare (Lepus europaeus), fallow deer (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Among the tested species, wild boar (n=6,440) showed the highest percentage of seropositive samples (5.9%). Notably, wild boars of perifluvial area of the Po River showed higher percentages of positivity than those of the pre-Alpine district. In addition, during the hunting season in 2018, 95 organs (uterus or testes, spleen, and submandibular lymph nodes) from wild boar of the perifluvial area of the Po River were collected for bacteriological examination. Brucella suis was isolated in culture from 18.9% of tested lymph nodes. These serological and microbiological results highlight the presence of B. suis in wild boar and suggest the importance of wild boar as a reservoir for B. suis. Comparison of the spatial distribution of Brucella-seropositive wild boars with the location of backyard swine farms revealed a higher chance of contact between the two populations only in the areas where the lower percentage of seropositive samples was observed. Conversely, the high percentage of seropositive samples observed in the Po River area coupled with positive microbiological cultures suggest a greater risk of infection for the humans directly or indirectly involved in wild boar hunting activity. These results may serve as a basis to establish sound wildlife management and to adopt education campaigns aimed at reducing the risk of human infection in people involved in wild boar hunting related activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1720570963000},"page":"605-614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["BRUCELLA SPP. IN WILDLIFE OF THE LOMBARDY REGION, NORTHERN ITALY"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Parolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Cremona, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Massaia 7, Cremona 26100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Tranquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Brescia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi 7\/9, Brescia 25124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Pesciaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Brescia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi 7\/9, Brescia 25124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Boscarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Brescia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi 7\/9, Brescia 25124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Pavia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Str. Privata Campeggi 59, Pavia 27100 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Cremona, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Massaia 7, Cremona 26100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Boldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Cremona, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Massaia 7, Cremona 26100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni L.","family":"Alborali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Brescia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi 7\/9, Brescia 25124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Gradassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Territoriale di Cremona, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Massaia 7, Cremona 26100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HC Scholz, S Revilla-Fern\u00e1ndez, S Al Dahouk, et al.  \"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.\"  66, \"Brucella vulpis sp. nov., isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).\" 2090 (2016)","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000998"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Bergagna, S Zoppi, E Ferroglio, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Epidemiologic survey for Brucella suis biovar 2 in a wild boar (Sus scrofa) population in northwest Italy.\" 1178 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.4.1178"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Gr\u00e9goire, B Mousset, D Hanrez, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  8, \"A serological and bacteriological survey of brucellosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Belgium.\" 80 (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-80"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Montagnaro, S Sasso, L De Martino, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  46, \"Prevalence of antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Campania Region, Italy.\" 316 (2010)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.1.316"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Pilo, G Addis, M Deidda, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  51, \"A serosurvey for brucellosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Sardinia, Italy.\" 885 (2015)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-11-264"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Godfroid, B Garin-Bastuji, C Saegerman, et al.  \"Rev Sci Tech.\"  32, \"Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife.\" 27 (2013)","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2180"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Pebesma,  \"R J.\"  10, \"Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data.\" 439 (2018)","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-0"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Yon, JP Duff, EO \u00c5gren, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"Recent changes in infectious diseases in European wildlife.\" 3 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-07-172"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CR Pereira, JVF Cotrim de Almeida, IR Cardoso de Oliveira, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  14, \"Occupational exposure to Brucella spp.: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\" e0008164 (2020)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008164"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GH. Matschke,  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  31, \"Aging European wild hogs by dentition.\" 109 (1967)","DOI":"10.2307\/3798365"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Bagheri Nejad, RC Krecek, OH Khalaf, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  14, \"Brucellosis in the Middle East: Current situation and a pathway forward.\" e0008071 (2020)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008071"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"G Barlozzari, A Franco, G Macr\u00ec, et al.  \"Vet Ital.\"  51, \"First report of Brucella suis biovar 2 in a semi free-range pig farm, Italy.\" 151 (2015)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Bounaadja, D Albert, B Ch\u00e9nais, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  137, \"Real-time PCR for identification of Brucella spp.: A comparative study of IS711, bcsp31 and per target genes.\" 156 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.12.023"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Boyd, GD Powney, OL Pescott,  \"Trends Ecol Evol.\"  38, \"We need to talk about nonprobability samples.\" 521 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2023.01.001"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Carrington, U Choe, S Ubillos, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  50, \"Fatal case of brucellosis misdiagnosed in early stages of Brucella suis infection in a 46-year-old patient with Marfan syndrome.\" 2173 (2012)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00573-12"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"\"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\"  58, \"Brucella suis infection associated with feral swine hunting - three states, 2007\u20132008.\" 618 (2009)"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"\"Brucellosis reference guide: exposures, testing, and prevention, 2017.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"J Cheng, B Schloerke, B Karambelkar, et al.  \"Leaflet: Create interactive web maps with the JavaScript'Leaflet' Library. R package version 2.2.1.\"  (2023)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Cilia, F Fratini, B Turchi, et al.  \"Microorganisms.\"  9, \"Genital Brucella suis biovar 2 infection of wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Tuscany (Italy).\" 582 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030582"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Cvetnic, J Toncic, S Spicic, et al.  \"Vet Med (Praha).\"  49, \"Brucellosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Republic of Croatia.\" 115 (2004)","DOI":"10.17221\/5684-VETMED"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"F De Massis, A Di Provvido, D Di Sabatino, et al.  \"Vet Ital.\"  48, \"Isolation of Brucella suis biovar 2 from a wild boar in the Abruzzo region of Italy.\" 397 (2012)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F De Massis, K Zilli, G Di Donato, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  14, \"Distribution of Brucella field strains isolated from livestock, wildlife populations, and humans in Italy from 2007 to 2015.\" e0213689 (2019)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213689"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VV Ebani, D Cerri, A Poli, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  39, \"Prevalence of Leptospira and Brucella antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Tuscany, Italy\" 718 (2003)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.718"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Elmonir, NH Abdel-Hamid, MER Hamdy, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  18, \"Isolation and molecular confirmation of Brucella suis biovar 2 from slaughtered pigs: an unanticipated biovar from domestic pigs in Egypt.\" 224 (2022)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03332-2"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"EFSA J.\"  7, \"Porcine brucellosis (Brucella suis).\" 1144 (2009)","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1144"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"EFSA J.\"  19, \"The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report.\" e06971 (2021)","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6971"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Fabbri, A Crovetti, L Tinacci, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  12, \"Identification of candidate genes associated with bacterial and viral infections in wild boars hunted in Tuscany (Italy).\" 8145 (2022)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12353-8"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Ferroglio, F Tolari, E Bollo, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  34, \"Isolation of Brucella melitensis from alpine ibex.\" 400 (1998)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.2.400"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Franco-Paredes, D Chastain, P Taylor, et al.  \"Travel Med Infect Dis.\"  16, \"Boar hunting and brucellosis caused by Brucella suis.\" 18 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.03.006"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Fr\u00f6lich, J Wisser, H Schm\u00fcser, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  39, \"Epizootiologic and ecologic investigations of European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in selected populations from Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.\" 751 (2003)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.4.751"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"MS Gennero, C Grattarola, S Zoppi, et al.  \"Epidemiol Sante Anim.\"  45, \"Brucellosis in wild boar in Piedmont region\" 77 (2004)"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Godfroid,  \"Vet Sci.\"  5, \"Brucella spp. at the wildlife-livestock interface: An evolutionary trajectory through a livestock-to-wildlife \u201chost jump\u201d?\" 81 (2018)","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5030081"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KK Gopaul, MS Koylass, CJ Smith, et al.  \"BMC Microbiol.\"  8, \"Rapid identification of Brucella isolates to the species level by real time PCR based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.\" 86 (2008)","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-86"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Gowe, C Parsons, S Vickery, et al.  \"IDCases.\"  27, \"Venous thrombosis, peripheral aneurysm formation, and fever in a feral pig hunter with brucellosis.\" e01449 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01449"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O H\u00e4lli, E Ala-Kurikka, T Nokireki, et al.  \"Vet J.\"  194, \"Prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed European wild boar.\" 98 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.03.008"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Hub\u00e1lek, Z Juricov\u00e1, S Svobodov\u00e1, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  29, \"A serologic survey for some bacterial and viral zoonoses in game animals in the Czech Republic.\" 604 (1993)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.4.604"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"\"Coltivazioni agricole, foreste e caccia (anno 2000).\"  (2003)"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Jamil, K Akar, S Erdenlig, et al.  \"Microorganisms.\"  10, \"Spatio-temporal distribution of brucellosis in European terrestrial and marine wildlife species and its regional implications.\" 1970 (2022)","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101970"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SK Khurana, A Sehrawat, R Tiwari, et al.  \"Vet Q.\"  41, \"Bovine brucellosis \u2013 a comprehensive review.\" 61 (2021)","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1868616"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LB Kmetiuk, LMS Paulin, EM Cassaro Villalobos, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  57, \"Seroprevalence of anti-Brucella spp. antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa), hunting dogs, and hunters of Brazil.\" 974 (2021)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00190"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JDC Linnell, B Cretois, EB Nilsen, et al.  \"Biol Conserv.\"  244, \"The challenges and opportunities of coexisting with wild ungulates in the human-dominated landscapes of Europe's Anthropocene.\" 108500 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108500"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Mailles, M Ogielska, F Kemiche, et al.  \"Epidemiol Infect.\"  145, \"Brucella suis biovar 2 infection in humans in France: Emerging infection or better recognition?\" 2711 (2017)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001704"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Martin, PP Pastoret, B Brochier, et al.  \"Vet Res.\"  42, \"A survey of the transmission of infectious diseases\/infections between wild and domestic ungulates in Europe.\" 70 (2011)","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-70"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Moreno,  \"Front Microbiol.\"  5, \"Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis.\" 213 (2014)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00213"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Mu\u00f1oz, M Boadella, M Arnal, et al.  \"BMC Infect Dis.\"  10, \"Spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in Iberian wild ungulates.\" 46 (2010)","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-46"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"\"Chapter 2.1.4. \u2013 Infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis - par. B1, B1.1, B1.2, B1.3. OIE manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals.\"  (2016)"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"V Quaranta, R Farina, A Poli, et al.  \"Sel Vet.\"  36, \"Sulla presenza di Brucella suis biovar 2 nella lepre in Italia.\" 953 (1995)"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Risco, A Garc\u00eda, E Serrano, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  61, \"High-density dependence but low impact on selected reproduction parameters of Brucella suis biovar 2 in wild boar hunting estates from southwestern Spain.\" 555 (2014)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12060"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HC Scholz, K N\u00f6ckler, C G\u00f6llner, et al.  \"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.\"  60, \"Brucella inopinata sp. nov., isolated from a breast implant infection.\" 801 (2010)","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.011148-0"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Treml, J Pikula, H Bandouchova, et al.  \"Vet Med (Praha).\"  52, \"European brown hare as a potential source of zoonotic agents.\" 451 (2007)","DOI":"10.17221\/2050-VETMED"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CN Tsokana, C Sokos, A Giannakopoulos, et al.  \"Vet Med Sci.\"  6, \"European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) as a source of emerging and re-emerging pathogens of public health importance: A review.\" 550 (2020)","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.248"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"J Vingada, C Fonseca, J Cancela, et al.  \"European ungulates and their management in the 21st century.\"  \"Ungulates and their management in Portugal.\" 392 (2010)"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"R Winkelmayer, M Vodnansky, P Paulsen, et al.  \"Wien Tierarztl Mschr.\"  92, \"Explorative study on the seroprevalence of Brucella-, Francisella- and Leptospira antibodies in the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) of the Austrian - Czech border region.\" 131 (2005)"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Wu, C Abril, V Hin\u00ed\u0107, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  47, \"Free-ranging wild boar: A disease threat to domestic pigs in Switzerland?\" 868 (2011)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.4.868"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"\"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\"  (2023)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:28:33Z","timestamp":1791246513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-60\/issue-3\/JWD-D-22-00183\/BRUCELLA-SPP-IN-WILDLIFE-OF-THE-LOMBARDY-REGION-NORTHERN-ITALY\/10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00183.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-22-00183","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}}}