{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:33:36Z","timestamp":1793424816250,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated a combination of nalbuphine HCl (40 mg\/mL), azaperone tartrate (10 mg\/mL), and medetomidine HCl (10 mg\/mL), a combination known as NAM or NalMed-A, in 23 ringtails (Bassariscus astutus) during 29 handling events for a radio-collaring study in southern Oregon, US, from August 2020 to March 2022. The combination was delivered to ringtails by hand injection at 0.075 mL NAM per estimated 1 kg body mass. The mean (\u00b1 standard deviation, SD) dosage calculated post hoc was 3.366 (\u00b10.724) mg\/kg nalbuphine, 0.841 (\u00b10.181) mg\/kg medetomidine, and 0.841 (\u00b10.181) mg\/kg azaperone. All captured ringtails were effectively immobilized with a mean (SD) induction time of 13.24 (\u00b13.57) min. The medetomidine and nalbuphine components were antagonized with a combination of atipamezole and naltrexone HCl with a mean (SD) recovery time of 2.48 (\u00b11.94) min. This combination appeared to be safe and effective for immobilizing ringtails with a low volume dose, smooth antagonism, and rapid recovery. In addition, NAM does not contain any drugs that are US Drug Enforcement scheduled, which makes it useful for immobilization procedures by wildlife professionals in the US.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:31:55Z","timestamp":1698129115000},"page":"610-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A MIXTURE OF NALBUPHINE, AZAPERONE, AND MEDETOMIDINE FOR IMMOBILIZING RINGTAILS (BASSARISCUS ASTUTUS)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Lindsay N.","family":"Somers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DeWaine H.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Umpqua Watershed District Office, 4192 N. Umpqua Hwy, Roseburg, Oregon 97470, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Dugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia D.","family":"Burco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Health and Population Laboratory, 7118 NE Vandenberg Ave., Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"10","unstructured":"\"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2021)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Roug, W Lance, T Vroom, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"Immobilization of American beaver (Castor canadensis) with nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone.\" 699 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-10-260"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Bates, M M\u00e4chler, B Bolker, et al.  \"J Stat Softw.\"  67, \"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, HE Johnson, MC Fisher, et al.  \"Ursus.\"  27, \"Chemical immobilization in American black bears using a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone.\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.2192\/URSUS-D-15-00018.1"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, WR Lance, DK Smith, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Novel combinations of nalbuphine and medetomidine for wildlife immobilization.\" 951 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-04-096"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, ME Wood, P Nol, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  53, \"The efficacy of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone in immobilizing American bison (Bison bison).\" 304 (2017)","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-05-107"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger  and JM Arnemo  \"Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization.\"  472 (2018)"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"R. Callas,  \"Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) den and habitat use in Northwestern California.\"  71 (1987)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS Green, SM Matthews, RC Swiers, et al.  \"J Anim Ecol.\"  87, \"Dynamic occupancy modelling reveals a hierarchy of competition among fishers, grey foxes and ringtails.\" 813 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12791"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL. Harrison,  \"West N Am Nat.\"  72, \"Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) ecology and behavior in central New Mexico, USA.\" 495 (2012)","DOI":"10.3398\/064.072.0407"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"DA. Jessup,  \"Chemical immobilization of North American wildlife.\"  \"Restraint and chemical immobilization of carnivores and furbearers.\" 227 (1982)"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"CH. Myers,  \"Diurnal rest site selection by ringtails (Bassariscus astutus) in Northwestern California.\"  54 (2010)"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"\"The Oregon conservation strategy.\"  (2016)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Poglayen-Neuwall  and DE Toweill  \"Mamm Species.\"  327, \"Bassariscus astutus.\" 1 (1988)","DOI":"10.2307\/3504321"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"FB Stangl, S Henry-Langston, N Lamar, et al.  \"Sexual dimorphism in the ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) from Texas. Occasional Papers No. 328.\"  (2014)"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"DT. Wyatt,  \"Home range size, habitat use, and food habits of ringtails (Bassariscus astutus), in a central valley riparian forest, Sutter Co., California.\"  100 (1993)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:13:36Z","timestamp":1793423616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-59\/issue-4\/JWD-D-23-00006\/A-MIXTURE-OF-NALBUPHINE-AZAPERONE-AND-MEDETOMIDINE-FOR-IMMOBILIZING-RINGTAILS\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00006.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]}}}