{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:32:30Z","timestamp":1793421150272,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reports on respiratory function in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) immobilized with etorphine-azaperone and the changes induced by butorphanol administration as part of a multifaceted crossover study that also investigated the effects of etorphine or etorphine-butorphanol treatments. Six male white rhinoceros underwent two immobilizations by using 1) etorphine-azaperone and 2) etorphine-azaperone-butorphanol. Starting 10 min after recumbency, arterial blood gases, limb muscle tremors, expired minute ventilation, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 5-min intervals for 25 min. Alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient, expected respiratory minute volume, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production were calculated. Etorphine-azaperone administration resulted in hypoxemia and hypercapnia, with increases in alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production, and a decrease in expired minute ventilation. Muscle tremors were also observed. Intravenous butorphanol administration in etorphine-azaperone\u2013immobilized white rhinoceros resulted in less hypoxemia and hypercapnia; a decrease in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and expired minute ventilation; and no change in the alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient and rate of breathing. We show that the immobilization of white rhinoceros with etorphine-azaperone results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia and that the subsequent intravenous administration of butorphanol improves both arterial blood oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T13:48:37Z","timestamp":1713534517000},"page":"388-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["EFFECTS OF BUTORPHANOL ON RESPIRATION IN WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM) IMMOBILIZED WITH ETORPHINE-AZAPERONE"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Buss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Haw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Thulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Olea-Popelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Dental Sciences Building Room 4044, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leith","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Miller, P Buss, J Joubert, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Use of butorphanol during immobilization of free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).\" 55 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260-44.1.55"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"RW Bide, SJ Armour, E Yee,  \"Estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: 1. 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