{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:31:17Z","timestamp":1793424677735,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immobilization kits including butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) and nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine can provide effective, safe, and easy-to-use protocols in bears. Nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine is not commercially available but may be useful for wildlife agencies because it does not contain controlled substances. This study directly compared BAM to nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine immobilization in 10 juvenile healthy black bears (10 mo old; four females, six males) undergoing prerelease examinations after rehabilitation. Bears were immobilized via remote delivery of 1 mL of BAM (n=5) or nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine (n=5) intramuscularly in the shoulder during December (randomized, blinded trial). Bears were intubated, monitored with an electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter, capnograph, noninvasive blood pressure cuff, and rectal thermometer, and underwent physical examination, sample collection, morphometrics, and ear-tag placement. Induction, physiologic, and recovery parameters were recorded, including arterial blood gas analysis. The anesthetic agents were antagonized with atipamezole and naltrexone. There were no differences between protocols in induction or recovery times. There were no differences between protocols in heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, mean arterial pressure, or blood gas analysis or any differences between male and female bears in any parameters. Bears were hypertensive and normoxemic with low oxygen saturation via pulse oximeter, but all recovered smoothly and were released within 2 h of recovery. This study supports that nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine is clini-cally as safe and effective as BAM in American black bears.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T02:18:28Z","timestamp":1705025908000},"page":"188-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine Is as Safe and Effective as Nalbuphine-Azaperone-Medetomidine for Immobilization of Juvenile American Black Bears (Ursus americanus)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Julie D.","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, 2309 Kingston Pike, Knoxville, Tennessee 37919, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Services, 107 Park Headquarters Road, Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coy","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appalachian Bear Rescue, 121 Painted Trillium Way, Townsend, Tennessee 37882, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, HE Johnson, MC Fisher, et al.  \"Ursus.\"  27, \"Chemical immobilization in American black bears using a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone.\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.2192\/URSUS-D-15-00018.1"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, CT Goshorn, S Baruch-Mordo,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  44, \"Immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus) with a combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine.\" 748 (2008)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.748"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CK Biswas, JM Ramos, B Agroyannis, et al.  \"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).\"  284, \"Blood gas analysis: effect of air bubbles in syringe and delay in estimation.\" 923 (1982)","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6320.923"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Caulkett  and A Fahlman  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Ursids (bears).\" 599 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch41"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Evans, V Sahl\u00e9n, OG St\u00f8en, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  7, \"Capture, anesthesia, and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation.\" e40520 (2012)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040520"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KN Grimsrud, S Ait-Oudhia, BP Durbin-Johnson, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  38, \"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis comparing diverse effects of detomidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in the horse: a population analysis.\" 24 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12139"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JD Sheldon, C Cordero-Aponte, V Reibel, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  58, \"Morbidity and mortality of free-ranging American black bears (Ursus americanus) undergoing rehabilitation in eastern Tennessee, 1996\u20132021.\" 575 (2022)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00191"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RH Williamson, LI Muller, CD Blair,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"The use of ketamine-xylazine or butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine to immobilize American black bears (Ursus americanus).\" 503 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-10-255"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, ME Wood, MC Fisher, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"Evaluation of chemical immobilization in captive black bears (Ursus americanus) receiving a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone.\" 84 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-03-079"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LA Lamont  and KA Grimm  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Clinical pharmacology.\" 5 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:48:00Z","timestamp":1793422080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-60\/issue-1\/JWD-D-23-00043\/Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine-Is-as-Safe-and-Effective-as-Nalbuphine\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00043.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}