{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:31:20Z","timestamp":1793424680825,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite able to infect all warm-blooded animals and humans. Rodents are one of the most important intermediate hosts for T. gondii, but little is known about infection in beavers and its clinical relevance. Toxoplasmosis was not considered an important waterborne disease until recently, but with increased outbreaks in humans and animals this perspective has changed. Serum samples from 247 Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) collected from 2002 to 2022 were tested for antibodies to T. gondii by a commercial ELISA. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 113 (45.8%) beavers. Higher weight and proximity to urban areas were found to be significant predictors for seropositivity. Additionally, T. gondii DNA was detected in 23\/41 brain tissue samples by real-time PCR. Histopathologic examination of brain sections revealed inflammatory changes in 26\/40 beavers, mainly characterized by encephalitis, meningitis, choroid plexitis, or a combination of them. In six of these cases the lesions were in direct association with parasitic stages. With an adapted nested PCR multilocus sequence typing and in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis approach, three different T. gondii genotypes were detected in brain samples: the clonal Type II strain (ToxoDB 1), a Type II variant (ToxoDB 3), and a novel genotype exhibiting both Type II and I alleles in a further animal. Toxoplasma gondii infections in beavers have epidemiologic and clinical significance. The high seroprevalence indicates frequent contact with the parasite, and as competent intermediate hosts they may play an important role, contributing to maintaining the life cycle of T. gondii in semiaquatic habitats. In addition, although most beavers appear to develop subclinical to chronic disease courses, acute and fatal outcomes, mainly characterized by encephalitis and generalized infection, do also occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T02:22:01Z","timestamp":1705026121000},"page":"126-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN THE EURASIAN BEAVER (CASTOR FIBER) IN SWITZERLAND: SEROPREVALENCE, GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION, AND CLINICOPATHOLOGIC RELEVANCE"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pierre","family":"Ryser-Degiorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline F.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DC Herrmann, G Wibbelt, M G\u00f6tz, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  191, \"Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from European beavers (Castor fiber) and European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris).\" 108 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.08.026"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"\"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S Kumar, G Stecher, M Li, et al.  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  35, \"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms.\" 1547 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AA Ahlers, MA Mitchell, JP Dubey, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  51, \"Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii exposure in semiaquatic mammals in a freshwater ecosystem.\" 488 (2015)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-03-071"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CN Jordan, T Kaur, K Koenen, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  91, \"Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis neurona in beavers (Castor canadensis) from Massachusetts.\" 1228 (2005)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-543R.1"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Miller, IA Gardner, C Kreuder, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol.\"  32, \"Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).\" 997 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00069-3"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DD Smith  and JK Frenkel  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  31, \"Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild mammals of Missouri and east central Kansas: Biologic and ecologic considerations of transmission.\" 15 (1995)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.1.15"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Ayral, J Artois, A-L Zilber, et al.  \"Epidemiol Infect.\"  143, \"The relationship between socioeconomic indices and potentially zoonotic pathogens carried by wild Norway rats: A survey in Rh\u00f4ne, France (2010\u20132012).\" 586 (2015)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001137"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Roelke, WE Johnson, J Mill\u00e1n, et al.  \"Eur J Wildl Res.\"  54, \"Exposure to disease agents in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus).\" 171 (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0122-2"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AA Ahlers, TM Wolf, O Aarrestad, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  106, \"Survey of Toxoplasma gondii exposure in muskrats in a relatively pristine ecosystem.\" 346 (2020)","DOI":"10.1645\/19-126"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Kreuder, MA Miller, DA Jessup, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  39, \"Patterns of mortality in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from 1998\u20132001.\" 495 (2003)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.495"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"\"QGIS geographic information system.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SK Halonen  and LM Weiss  \"Handb Clin Neurol.\"  114, \"Toxoplasmosis.\" 125 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DR Anderson, WA Link, DH Johnson, et al.  \"J Wildl Manag.\"  65, \"Suggestions for presenting the results of data analyses.\" 373 (2001)","DOI":"10.2307\/3803088"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"C Angst, C Auberson, C Nienhuis,  \"Biberbestandeserhebung 2022 in der Schweiz und Liechtenstein [Beaver population survey 2022 in Switzerland and Liechtenstein].\"  140 (2023)"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"C Angst  and M Fasel  \"Atlas der S\u00e4ugetiere: Schweiz und Liechtenstein [Atlas of mammals: Switzerland and Lichtenstein.\"  \"Europ\u00e4ischer Biber.\" 346 (2021)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JJ Aramini, C Stephen, JP Dubey, et al.  \"Epidemiol Infect.\"  122, \"Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.\" 305 (1999)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002113"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Basso, F Grimm, M Ruetten, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  236, \"Experimental Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: Humoral immune response, estimation of specific igg avidity and the challenges of reproducing vertical transmission in sows.\" 76 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.026"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Basso, E Sollberger, G Schares, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  13, \"Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in South American camelids in Switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis.\" 256 (2020)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04128-9"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Basso, F Holenweger, G Schares, et al.  \"Food Waterborne Parasitol.\"  28, \"Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep and goats in Switzerland: Seroprevalence and occurrence in aborted foetuses.\" e00176 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00176"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MS Behnke, A Khan, JC Wootton, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  108, \"Virulence differences in Toxoplasma mediated by amplification of a family of polymorphic pseudokinases.\" 9631 (2011)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015338108"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"\"Geneious Prime, v2022.1.1.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WR Bowie, AS King, DH Werker, et al.  \"Lancet.\"  350, \"Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water.\" 173 (1997)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11105-3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Casartelli-Alves, SA Pereira, LC Ferreira, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  120, \"Genetic and histopathological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes isolated from free-range chickens reared in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.\" 665 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-07011-9"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BBP Castro, SM Gennari, H Lorenzi, et al.  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  85, \"A simple method to generate PCR-RFLP typing profiles from DNA sequences in Toxoplasma gondii.\" 104590 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104590"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AGJ Deir\u00f3, DP do Prado, IP Sousa, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  16, \"Presence of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from cats in the state of Bahia, northeast of Brazil.\" e0253630 (2021)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253630"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A de-la-Torre, A Sauer, AW Pfaff, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  7, \"Severe South American ocular toxoplasmosis is associated with decreased IFN-\u03b3\/IL-17a and increased IL-6\/IL-13 intraocular levels.\" e2541 (2013)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002541"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"VV De\u017ekin  and VG Safonov  \"Die Biber der alten und neuen Welt.\"  168 (2004)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP Dubey, FHA Murata, CK Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  288, \"Recent epidemiologic and clinical importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in marine mammals: 2009\u20132020.\" 109296 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109296"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP. Dubey,  \"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans.\"  547 (2022)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Fern\u00e1ndez-Escobar, R Calero-Bernal, J Benavides, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  13, \"Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Spanish sheep flocks.\" 396 (2020)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04275-z"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Forz\u00e1n  and S Frasca  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  35, \"Systemic toxoplasmosis in a five-month-old beaver (Castor canadensis).\" 113 (2004)","DOI":"10.1638\/03-031"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SB Glor, R Edelhofer, F Grimm, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  6, \"Evaluation of a commercial ELISA kit for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in serum, plasma and meat juice from experimentally and naturally infected sheep.\" 85 (2013)","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-85"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Grigg, J Ganatra, JC Boothroyd, et al.  \"J Infect Dis.\"  184, \"Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis.\" 633 (2001)","DOI":"10.1086\/322800"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Hamilton, L Black, S Oliveira, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  12, \"Comparative virulence of Caribbean, Brazilian and European isolates of Toxoplasma gondii.\" 104 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3372-4"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS. Harb OS, Roos,  \"Methods Mol Biol.\"  \"ToxoDB: Functional genomics resource for Toxoplasma and related organisms.\" 27 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9857-9_2"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Hassan, A-A Olijnik, E-M Frickel, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol.\"  49, \"Clonal and atypical Toxoplasma strain differences in virulence vary with mouse sub-species.\" 63 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.08.007"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Hejl\u00edcek, I Liter\u00e1k, J Nezval,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  33, \"Toxoplasmosis in wild mammals from the Czech Republic.\" 480 (1997)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.3.480"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Jokelainen,  \"Toxoplasmosis\u2014recent advances.\"  \"Endemic Toxoplasma gondii genotype II causes fatal infections in animal hosts in Europe\u2014lessons learnt.\" (2012)","DOI":"10.5772\/49984"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SH. Keenihan,  \"Trends Parasitol.\"  18, \"Toxoplasmosis in Brazil.\" 203 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02305-X"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"MA Kohn  and J Senyak  \"UCSF CTSI.\"  \"Sample size calculators.\" (2021)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS Lindsay, MV Collins, SM Mitchell, et al.  \"J Eukaryot Microbiol.\"  50, \"Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in seawater.\" 687 (2003)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00688.x"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Maas, J Glorie, C Dam-Deisz, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  58, \"Zoonotic pathogens in Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) in the Netherlands.\" 404 (2022)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00097"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CE Minuzzi, FD Fernandes, LP Portella, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  68, \"Contaminated water confirmed as source of infection by bioassay in an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in South Brazil.\" 767 (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13741"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Opsteegh, R Haveman, AN Swart, et al.  \"Prev Vet Med.\"  104, \"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats in the Netherlands.\" 317 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.01.003"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Pardini, M Bernstein, LA Carral, et al.  \"Parasitol Int.\"  68, \"Congenital human toxoplasmosis caused by non-clonal Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Argentina.\" 48 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.10.002"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Pardo Gil, D Hegglin, T Briner, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  20, \"High prevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii in cat-hunted small mammals\u2014evidence for parasite induced behavioural manipulation in the natural environment?\" 108 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.01.007"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HFJ Pena, SM Gennari, JP Dubey, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol.\"  38, \"Population structure and mouse-virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil.\" 561 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.004"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M-P Ryser-Degiorgis  and H Segner  \"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd.\"  157, \"National competence center for wildlife diseases in Switzerland: Mandate, development and current strategies.\" 255 (2015)","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00019"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Scherrer, M-P Ryser-Degiorgis, IA Marti, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  21, \"Exploring the epidemiological role of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii.\" 1 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.03.005"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Spycher, C Geigy, J Howard, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  23, \"Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii causing fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent 10-year-old cat.\" 104 (2011)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871102300117"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Stelzer, W Basso, J Benavides Silv\u00e1n, et al.  \"Food Waterborne Parasitol.\"  15, \"Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact.\" e00037 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00037"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Su  and JP Dubey  \"Methods Mol Biol.\"  2071, \"Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains.\" 49 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9857-9_3"},{"key":"55","unstructured":"\"Maps of Switzerland.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N van de Velde, B Devleesschauwer, M Leopold, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  230, \"Toxoplasma gondii in stranded marine mammals from the North Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean: Findings and diagnostic difficulties.\" 25 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.10.021"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Vincze, J Posfai, RJ Roberts,  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  31, \"Nebcutter: A program to cleave DNA with restriction enzymes.\" 3688 (2003)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg526"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Vyas, S-K Kim, RM Sapolsky,  \"Neuroscience.\"  148, \"The effects of Toxoplasma infection on rodent behavior are dependent on dose of the stimulus.\" 342 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.021"},{"key":"60","unstructured":"V Zahner, M Schmidbauer, G Schwab, et al.  \"Der Biber: Baumeister mit Biss.\"  192 (2021)"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA Zanzani, A Di Cerbo, AL Gazzonis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"Parasitic and bacterial infections of Myocastor coypus in a metropolitan area of Northwestern Italy.\" 126 (2016)","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-01-010"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL Zarnke, JP Dubey, JM Ver Hoef, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  37, \"Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in lynx from interior Alaska.\" 36 (2001)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.1.36"},{"key":"63","unstructured":"S. Z\u00fcrcher-Giovannini,  \"Proceedings of the 13th European Wildlife Disease Association conference.\"  \"Toxoplasmosis in free-ranging Eurasian Beavers (Castor fiber) from Switzerland.\" 40 (2018)"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Shapiro, L Bahia-Oliveira, B Dixon, et al.  \"Food Waterborne Parasitol.\"  15, \"Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food.\" e00049 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JP. Webster,  \"Microbes Infect.\"  3, \"Rats, cats, people and parasites: The impact of latent toxoplasmosis on behaviour.\" 1037 (2001)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01459-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:48:32Z","timestamp":1793422112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-60\/issue-1\/JWD-D-23-00077\/TOXOPLASMA-GONDII-INFECTION-IN-THE-EURASIAN-BEAVER-CASTOR-FIBER-IN\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00077.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}