{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:53:28Z","timestamp":1791248008146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical immobilization is commonly used to capture and handle free-ranging elk (Cervus canadensis). Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) and nalbuphine-medetomidine-azaperone (NalMed-A) are compounded drug combinations that are lower-scheduled in the US than drugs historically used for elk immobilizations. We compared BAM and NalMed-A for immobilization of free-ranging elk using free-darting and Clover trapping. From January 2020 to April 2022, 196 female elk were immobilized in Pennsylvania, USA. We report vital rates, induction and recovery times, and the need for supplemental drugs. We built mixed-effects logistic regression models to describe differences between drug choice based on induction and recovery times, capture method, and individual variation. Several models were competing, including our null model, which suggests that BAM and NalMed-A are comparable based on the parameters we evaluated. Supplemental drug administration was more frequently needed in NalMed-A immobilizations (21.2%) than in BAM immobilizations (9.0%). Overall, we found minor differences between BAM and NalMed-A, both of which appear to be effective for immobilizing elk in both free-darting and Clover trapping scenarios when performing moderately invasive, minimally painful procedures on free-ranging elk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T16:48:22Z","timestamp":1729097302000},"page":"950-955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone in Free-Ranging Elk (Cervus canadensis) in Pennsylvania, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Avery M.","family":"Corondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, 436 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, 108D AVBS Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah E.","family":"Banfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. David","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 403 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"12","unstructured":"\"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SK Chinnadurai, D Strahl-Heldreth, CV Fiorello, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"Best-practice guidelines for field-based surgery and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife. i. anesthesia and analgesia.\" S14 (2016)","DOI":"10.7589\/52.2S.S14"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Bates, M M\u00e4chler, BM Bolker, et al.  \"J Stat Softw.\"  67, \"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KP Burnham  and DR Anderson  \"Sociol Methods Res.\"  33, \"Multimodel inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in model selection.\" 261 (2004)","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger  and JM Arnemo  \"Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization.\"  472 (2018)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS. 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Corondi,  \"Reproductive success, calf survival, and spatial relationships of elk in Pennsylvania.\"  101 (2023)"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"\"Drug scheduling.\"  (2023)"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"RJ Hudson, JC Haigh, AB Bubenik,  \"North American elk: Ecology and management.\"  \"Physical and physiological adaptations.\" 199 (2002)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Meuleman, JD Port, TH Stanley, et al.  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  48, \"Immobilization of elk and moose with carfentanil.\" 258 (1984)","DOI":"10.2307\/3808484"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DC Quimby  and JE Gaab  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  21, \"Mandibular dentition as an age indicator in Rocky Mountain elk.\" 435 (1957)","DOI":"10.2307\/3796676"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"MJ Thompson, RE Henderson, TO Lemke, et al.  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  17, \"Evaluation of a collapsible Clover trap for elk.\" 287 (1989)"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WD Walter, DM Leslie, JH Herner-Thogmartin, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  41, \"Efficacy of immobilizing free-ranging elk with Telazol and xylazine hydrochloride using transmitter-equipped darts.\" 395 (2005)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.2.395"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"KE. Williams,  \"Chemical immobilization of helicopter-captured elk (Cervus canadensis) and survival of elk calves in southeastern Kentucky.\"  168 (2023)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, MC Fisher, TR Davis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) to immobilize Rocky Mountain elk.\" 676 (2014a)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-026"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:09:47Z","timestamp":1791245387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-60\/issue-4\/JWD-D-23-00127\/Comparison-of-Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine-and-Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone-in\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00127.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00127","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]}}}