{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:55:41Z","timestamp":1791244541990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Capture and handling of wildlife is essential to answering pertinent questions about ecology and biology. It is important to refine methods to increase animal welfare and safety. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) have been captured annually in Idaho, USA, for management or research purposes since their reintroduction in 1995\u201396. Two wolves died of hyperthermia during aerial darting in 2015. A retrospective analysis of 490 captures between 1999 and 2018 was conducted to identify factors that might contribute to the likelihood of hyperthermia (body temperature \u226541 C) when using anesthetic drugs in wolves. Wolves were captured in summer (May\u2013October, n=321) by using foothold traps and anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (n=66), ketamine-medetomidine (n=51), or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=204). Wolves were captured in winter (November\u2013April, n=169) by using aerial darting with ketamine-medetomidine (n=75) or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=94). Mean body temperatures of wolves captured in summer were 39.7 C for ketamine-xylazine, 39.9 C for ketamine-medetomidine, and 39.5 C for tiletamine-zolazepam; in winter, mean temperatures were 40.4 C for ketamine-medetomidine and 39.1 C for tiletamine-zolazepam. In summer captures, hyperthermia occurred in 6\/66 (9.1%) of wolves by using ketamine-xylazine, 7\/51 (13.7%) by using ketamine-medetomidine, and 19\/204 (9.3%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. For winter captures, hyperthermia occurred in 20\/75 (26.7%) of wolves by using ketamine-medetomidine and 7\/94 (7.5%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. Mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to investigate the role of drug administration on initial body temperature while controlling for demographic and environmental factors. The top models supported effects of drugs administered on initial body temperature for wolves captured in both summer and winter. Ketamine, especially when combined with medetomidine, was associated with greater increased body temperatures than tiletamine-zolazepam, irrespective of season or method of capture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:22:13Z","timestamp":1747354933000},"page":"419-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE ASSOCIATED WITH KETAMINE COMBINATIONS DURING CAPTURE OF GRAY WOLVES (CANIS LUPUS) IN IDAHO, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Drew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 1820 Trout Rd., Eagle, Idaho 83716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Struthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 1820 Trout Rd., Eagle, Idaho 83716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Aktas, D Auguste, HP Lefebvre, et al.  \"Vet Res Comm.\"  17, \"Creatine kinase in the dog: A review.\" 353 (1993)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839386"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AH Alzeer, MAF El-Hazmi, AS Warsy, et al.  \"Clin Chem.\"  43, \"Serum enzyme in heat stroke: Prognostic implication.\" 1182 (1997)","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.7.1182"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Arnemo, AL Evans, P Ahlqvist, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  49, \"Evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole for reversible anesthesia of free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus).\" 403 (2013)","DOI":"10.7589\/2011-12-366"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TW. 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Neilsen,  \"Chemical immobilization of wild and exotic animals.\"  342 (1999)"},{"key":"48","unstructured":"C O'Brien, AJ Karis, WJ Tharion, et al.  \"US Army Med Depart J.\"  \"Core temperature responses of military working dogs during training activities and exercise walks.\" 71 (2017)"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LM Ozeki, \u00c5 Fahlman, G Stenhouse, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  45, \"Evaluation of the accuracy of different methods of monitoring body temperature in anesthetized brown bears (Ursus arctos).\" 819 (2014)","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0039.1"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM. Paterson,  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  \"Capture myopathy.\" 171 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch12"},{"key":"51","unstructured":"DC. Plumb,  \"Veterinary pharmacy formulary.\"  272 (1989)"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Popik, M Ho\u0142uj, T Kos, et al.  \"Neurotox Res.\"  32, \"Comparison of the psychopharmacological effects of tiletamine and ketamine in rodents.\" 544 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9759-0"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JH Schmidt, JW Burch, MC MacCluskie,  \"Wildl Monogr.\"  198, \"Effects of control on the dynamics of an adjacent protected wolf population in interior Alaska.\" 1 (2017)","DOI":"10.1002\/wmon.1026"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. 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Read,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  34, \"A review of alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonists and the development of hypoxemia in domestic and wild ruminants.\" 134 (2003)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2003)034[0134:AROAAA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TM Gutema, A Atickem, A Lemma, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Capture and immobilization of African wolves (Canis lupaster) in the Ethiopian Highlands.\" 175 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-03-063"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Butler, WB Ballard, HA Whitlaw,  \"Can Field-Nat.\"  120, \"Physical characteristics, hematology, and serum chemistry of free-ranging gray wolves, Canis lupus, in southcentral Alaska.\" 205 (2006)","DOI":"10.22621\/cfn.v120i2.289"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"JM Arnemo, TJ Kreeger, T Soveri,  \"Alces.\"  39, \"Chemical immobilization of free-ranging moose.\" 243 (2003)"},{"key":"59","unstructured":"MD. Sinclair,  \"Can Vet J.\"  44, \"A review of the physiological effects of \u03b12-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice.\" 885 (2003)"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"LV Klein  and AM Klide  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  20, \"Central \u03b12 adrenergic and benzodiazepine agonists and their antagonists.\" 138 (1989)"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"P Constable, K Hinchcliff, N Demma, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  29, \"Serum biochemistry of captive and free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus).\" 435 (1998)"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"KA. Lemke,  \"Can Vet J.\"  45, \"Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals.\" 475 (2004)"},{"key":"62","unstructured":"J. Stangroom,  \"Social science statistics.\"  \"Mann-Whitney U Test Calculator.\" (2021)"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Santos, H Rio-Maior, M Nakamura, et al.  \"Stress.\"  20, \"Characterization and minimization of the stress response to trapping in free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus): Insights from physiology and behavior.\" 513 (2017)","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1368487"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J Sawicka, A Fuller, LG Fick, et al.  \"Afr J Wildl Res.\"  45, \"Efficacy of different cooling methods for capture-induced hyperthermia in antelope.\" 100 (2015)","DOI":"10.3957\/056.045.0111"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:16:57Z","timestamp":1791242217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-2\/JWD-D-23-00161\/ELEVATED-BODY-TEMPERATURE-ASSOCIATED-WITH-KETAMINE-COMBINATIONS-DURING-CAPTURE-OF\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00161.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00161","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}