{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:59:45Z","timestamp":1792425585084,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory rate (mean number of breaths per minute) and respiratory interval (mean time between breaths) can offer insight into a diving mammal's activity state, metabolic rate, behavior, and synchronization due to social cohesion. Also, respiratory rate can reflect an individual animal's health and has the potential to be an informative remotely assessed health metric for monitoring individual animal health in endangered whale species and populations such as southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca). Using data collected from noninvasive, land-based theodolite tracking, we analyzed swimming speed and surfacing intervals (i.e., mean dive time or mean time between breaths) from 20,613 surfacings of 98 individuals from two populations of the fish-eating, resident killer whale ecotype, namely, one growing (northern resident) and one declining and endangered (southern resident) population. Focal animal sampling was used to measure behavior of individuals of known age and sex in various activity states. Our objective was to evaluate variability and generate normal ranges for respiratory intervals and swimming speeds for killer whales of the Northeast Pacific Ocean resident, fish-eating ecotype to identify baseline respiratory intervals. We found that median respiratory intervals for fish-eating killer whales were between 26 and 29 s for all activity states and that swimming speeds varied by activity state. Median swimming speeds were similar for foraging and traveling (1.6 and 1.7 m\/s, respectively), but were significantly slower during resting (1.1 m\/s) and social activity (1.3 m\/s) states. Three southern resident killer whales in poor body condition (had body condition scores in the lowest 20th percentile of the population) swam at reduced speeds and had shorter median respiratory intervals than outwardly healthy whales of similar age and sex. Respiratory rates, respiratory intervals, and swimming speeds are valuable remotely sensed metrics of health for free-swimming killer whales, especially when combined with other metrics as is the standard in veterinary examinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T07:32:53Z","timestamp":1738308773000},"page":"17-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["RESPIRATORY INTERVALS AND SWIMMING SPEED AS REMOTELY SENSED HEALTH METRICS IN FREE-RANGING KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Rob","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Initiative, 117 E. Louisa St. #135, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Ashe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Initiative, 117 E. Louisa St. #135, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Initiative, 117 E. Louisa St. #135, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik H.","family":"Nollens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15500 San Pasqual Valley Rd., Escondido, California 92027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Initiative, 117 E. Louisa St. #135, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans Initiative, 117 E. Louisa St. #135, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Gaydos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaDoc Society, University of California\u2013Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Orcas Island Office, 1020 Deer Harbor Rd., Eastsound, Washington 98245, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LF Keller  and DM Waller  \"Trends Ecol Evol.\"  17, \"Inbreeding effects in wild populations.\" 230 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02489-8"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Wittrock, C Duncan, C Stephen,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"A determinants of health conceptual model for fish and wildlife health.\" 285 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-05-118"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. 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Shaffer,  \"BioScience.\"  31, \"Minimum population sizes for species conservation.\" 131 (1981)","DOI":"10.2307\/1308256"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:37:49Z","timestamp":1791243469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-1\/JWD-D-23-00186\/RESPIRATORY-INTERVALS-AND-SWIMMING-SPEED-AS-REMOTELY-SENSED-HEALTH-METRICS\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00186.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-23-00186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}