{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:55:49Z","timestamp":1791248149174,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous contaminant in wetlands that can cause immunosuppression in birds, which may increase susceptibility to colonization with Salmonella spp. Previously, we found that White Ibis (Eudocimus albus), a recently urbanized wading bird, shed Salmonella spp. at a higher prevalence when captured at urban sites, compared with natural sites. In this study, we sought to determine if Hg burdens in ibis are related to Salmonella status or degree of urbanization or both. We analyzed feathers from 94 ibis in Palm Beach County, Florida, USA, along an urbanization gradient (0\u201368% urbanization) and from individuals with confirmed Salmonella spp. status (shedding or not shedding). We detected Hg in all ibis feathers (0.22\u20138.47 mg\/kg; mean=1.96 mg\/kg; SD=1.94). The Hg concentration was not significantly correlated to Salmonella spp. shedding status (Wilcoxon rank sum test, W=1170; P=0.596) but was negatively associated with capture site urbanization level (R2=0.327; P=0.026). Our findings may suggest that the immunosuppressive effects of Hg do not affect Salmonella shedding in the ibis or that Hg burdens were too low to affect Salmonella shedding status. Further, ibis that were captured in high urbanization sites appeared to have a lower risk of Hg exposure than ibis that were captured within low urbanization sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:34:03Z","timestamp":1720571643000},"page":"769-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mercury Exposure is Associated with Urbanization but not Salmonella Status in White Ibis (Eudocimus albus)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Tatz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 East Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Lance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Savannah River Site Building 737-A, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Conservation Research, University of Georgia, 210 River Road Suite 200, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"21","unstructured":"\"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CT Driscoll, RP Mason, HM Chan, et al.  \"Environ Sci Technol.\"  47, \"Mercury as a global pollutant: Sources, pathways, and effects.\" 4967 (2013)","DOI":"10.1021\/es305071v"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Tizard,  \"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med.\"  13, \"Salmonellosis in wild birds.\" 50 (2004)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.saep.2004.01.008"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MH Murray, DJ Becker, RJ Hall, et al.  \"Biol Conserv.\"  204, \"Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: a review and management recommendations.\" 163 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.10.034"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MK Grigar, KJ Cummings, LD Rodriguez-Rivera, et al.  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  16, \"Salmonella surveillance among great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) and other urban bird species in eastern Texas.\" 752 (2016)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2000"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Hernandez, CN Welch, VE Peters, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  11, \"Urbanized white ibises (Eudocimus albus) as carriers of Salmonella enterica of significance to public health and wildlife.\" e0164402 (2016)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164402"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JT Ackerman, CA Eagles-Smith, MP Herzog, et al.  \"Sci Total Environ.\"  568, \"Avian mercury exposure and toxicological risk across western North America: A synthesis.\" 749 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.071"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Adams, MH Murray, C Welch, et al.  \"J Field Ornithol.\"  90, \"Capturing American white ibises in urban South Florida using two novel techniques.\" 373 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/jofo.12311"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Byers, MH Murray, JE Nelson,  \"Urban biodiversity and equity: Justice-centered conservation in cities.\"  \"Urban places create unique health spaces for wildlife, people, and the environment.\" 205 (2023)","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198877271.003.0012"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KF. 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Scheuhammer,  \"Environ Pollut.\"  46, \"The chronic toxicity of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: A review.\" 263 (1987)","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(87)90173-4"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CS Teitelbaum, JT Ackerman, MA Hill, et al.  \"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.\"  289, \"Avian influenza antibody prevalence increases with mercury contamination in wild waterfowl.\" 20221312 (2022)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.1312"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LH Thorne, M Fuirst, R Veit, et al.  \"Ecol Indic.\"  121, \"Mercury concentrations provide an indicator of marine foraging in coastal birds.\" 106922 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106922"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Vijayaraghavan  and CD Pollman  \"Mercury and the Everglades. 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