{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:58:30Z","timestamp":1791244710088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes two different doses of dexmedetomidine combined with tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) for anesthesia in snow leopards (Panthera uncia). A total of 11 adult snow leopards were anesthetized in Xining City, Qinghai Province, China from November 2019 to June 2023. We recorded the onset time, anesthesia duration, head-up time, and walking time. Vital signs were recorded every 5 min during anesthesia. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed approximately 20 min after the onset of anesthesia by collecting blood from the femoral artery. All results were presented as mean\u00b1SD. There were no significant differences in onset time, anesthesia duration, head-up time, and walking time between the two anesthesia protocols. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure had a gradual decreasing trend, and blood oxygen saturation gradually increased. Our results suggest that using dexmedetomidine at doses of 21.25\u00b11.38 lg\/kg to 30.95\u00b11.13 lg\/kg combined with TZ at 2.07\u00b10.08 mg\/kg to 2.13\u00b10.15 mg\/kg can provide safe and effective anesthesia for snow leopards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T07:34:31Z","timestamp":1738308871000},"page":"122-130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EVALUATION OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE WITH TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM FOR SNOW LEOPARD (PANTHERA UNCIA) IMMOBILIZATION"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhurui","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunfu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Wild Zoo, No. 9 Xingzhi Road, West District, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Wild Zoo, No. 9 Xingzhi Road, West District, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"18","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger  and JM Arnemo  \"Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization.\"  472 (2018)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Afonso  and F Reis  \"Rev Bras Anestesiol.\"  62, \"Dexmedetomidine: current role in anesthesia and intensive care.\" 118 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-7094(12)70110-1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Bekker  and MK Sturaitis  \"Neurosurgery.\"  57, \"Dexmedetomidine for neurological surgery.\" 1 (2005)","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163476.42034.A1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Cattet, J Boulanger, G Stenhouse, et al.  \"J Mammal.\"  89, \"An evaluation of long-term capture effects in ursids: Implications for wildlife welfare and research.\" 973 (2008)","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-095.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Coltrane, S Farley, D Saalfeld, et al.  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  39, \"Evaluation of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine, and zolazepam for the immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus).\" 378 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.538"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JB De la Pe\u00f1a  and JH Cheong  \"Drug Test Anal.\"  8, \"The abuse liability of the NMDA receptor antagonist-benzodiazepine (tiletamine-zolazepam) combination: evidence from clinical case reports and preclinical studies.\" 760 (2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1987"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Ebert, JE Hall, JA Barney, et al.  \"Anesthesiology.\"  93, \"The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans.\" 382 (2000)","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00016"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Forsyth,  \"N Z Vet J.\"  43, \"Administration of a low dose tiletamine-zolazepam combination to cats.\" 101 (1995)","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1995.35863"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Giovannitti, SM Thoms, JJ Crawford,  \"Anesth Prog.\"  62, \"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications.\" 31 (2015)","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-62.1.31"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Grimm, LA Lamont, WJ Tranquilli, et al.  \"The fifth edition of Lumb and Jones.\"  \"Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia\" 1061 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Hu, L Luan, Y Yao, et al.  \"J Vet Behav.\"  45, \"Comparison of behavioral and cardiopulmonary parameters during immobilization using dexmedetomidine, tiletamine and zolazepam with or without buprenorphine in Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris).\" 37 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2021.06.002"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"HH. Jalanka,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  20, \"Medetomidine and ketamine-induced immobilization of snow leopards (Panthera uncia): Doses, evaluation, and reversal by atipamezole.\" 154 (1989a)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"HH. Jalanka,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  20, \"Evaluation and comparison of two ketamine-based immobilization techniques in snow leopards (Panthera uncia).\" 163 (1989b)"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Janecka, SSE Nielsen, SD Andersen, et al.  \"J Exp Biol.\"  218, \"Genetically based low oxygen affinities of felid hemoglobins: Lack of biochemical adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in the snow leopard.\" 2402 (2015)","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.125369"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Johansson, J Malmsten, C Mishra, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  49, \"Reversible immobilization of free-ranging snow leopards (Panthera uncia) with a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam.\" 338 (2013)","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-02-049"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Kucharski  and Z Kie\u0142bowicz  \"Pol J Vet Sci.\"  24, \"Dissociative anaesthesia in dogs and cats with use of tiletamine and zolazepam combination. What we already know about it.\" 451 (2021)","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2021.138738"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MK Laurenson  and TM Caro  \"Anim Behav.\"  47, \"Monitoring the effects of nontrivial handling in free-living cheetahs.\" 547 (1994)","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1078"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T McCarthy, D Mallon, R Jackson, et al.  \"The International Union for Conservation of Nature red list of threatened species.\"  2017, \"Panthera uncia.\" e.T22732A50664030 (2017)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017-2RLTS.T22732A50664030.en"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T McCarthy, D Mallon, E Sanderson, et al.  \"Snow leopards.\"  \"Biogeography and status overview.\" 23 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802213-9.00003-1"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F N\u00e1jera, AJ Hearn, J Ross, et al.  \"J Vet Med Sci.\"  79, \"Chemical immobilization of free-ranging and captive Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) with two anesthetic protocols: medetomidine-ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam.\" 1892 (2017)","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0259"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Neumann, G Ericsson, H Dettki, et al.  \"Can J Zool.\"  89, \"Effect of immobilizations on the activity and space use of female moose (Alces alces).\" 1013 (2011)","DOI":"10.1139\/z11-076"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"DC. Plumb,  \"Plumb's veterinary drug handbook.\"  1136 (2008)"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PE. Stander,  \"Afr J Ecol.\"  35, \"Field age determination of leopards by tooth wear.\" 156 (1997)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1997.068-89068.x"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G West, DJ Heard, N Caulkett,  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  976 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Yu, N Ding, Y Li, et al.  \"Glob Ecol Conserv.\"  40, \"Preliminary results from applying satellite-tracking on snow leopards for the first time in China.\" e02346 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2022.e02346"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Jin, Y Qiao, X Liu, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  43, \"Immobilization of wild giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) with dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam.\" 333 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12301"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TG Curro, D Okeson, D Zimmerman, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  35, \"Xylazine-midazolam-ketamine versus medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine anesthesia in captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica).\" 320 (2004)","DOI":"10.1638\/03-049"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Arnemo, P Ahlqvist, R Andersen, et al.  \"Wildl Biol.\"  12, \"Risk of capture-related mortality in large free-ranging mammals: Experiences from Scandinavia.\" 109 (2006)","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2006)12[109:ROCMIL]2.0.CO;2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:37:53Z","timestamp":1791243473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-1\/JWD-D-24-00012\/EVALUATION-OF-DEXMEDETOMIDINE-WITH-TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM-FOR-SNOW-LEOPARD-PANTHERA\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00012.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}