{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:54:07Z","timestamp":1791244447032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in Wuhan in 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous reports highlighted infections of wild animals by SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, further research is required to understand the virus potential to infect various animal species, which is crucial for evaluating its future evolution and the potential reemergence of SARS-CoV-2. The total concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) represents a valuable yet underused diagnostic parameter for health assessments in wild animals, primarily due to the absence of effective diagnostic tools. A protein A\u2013based indirect ELISA can serve as an efficient method to identify IgG antibodies against different pathogens in wildlife surveillance programs. To develop a multispecies protein A-ELISA for IgG detection against SARS-CoV-2, we used 44 animal species serum samples to ascertain the protein A binding affinity, and 88 serum samples, chosen for the strong binding affinity to protein A, were used to identify IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The serum samples were obtained from animals housed in Safari Park Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic. The zoo animals are in proximity to humans, facilitating the exploration of potential reverse transmission events of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals. Also, they undergo routine veterinary examinations, providing convenient access to blood samples. Therefore, they can be easily used for the development of protein A\u2013based indirect ELISA for wildlife disease surveillance programs. Based on the ELISA results, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the sera of 16 animals. To further confirm these findings, the ELISA-positive samples were subjected to virus neutralization assays. This additional testing revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in the serum of two white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and one Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:22:36Z","timestamp":1747354956000},"page":"396-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["WILDLIFE SENTINEL: DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISPECIES PROTEIN A-ELISA FOR DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 ANTIBODIES IN ZOO ANIMALS AS A PROOF OF CONCEPT FOR WILDLIFE SURVEILLANCE"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Jignesh","family":"Italiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, CZ-16500 Prague\u2013Suchdol, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Strakov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Pavla\u010d\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Zoo, \u0160tef\u00e1nikova 1029, CZ-54401 Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 nad Labem, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"V\u00e1hala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Zoo, \u0160tef\u00e1nikova 1029, CZ-54401 Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 nad Labem, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav Haimy","family":"Hyj\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Zoo, \u0160tef\u00e1nikova 1029, CZ-54401 Dv\u016fr Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 nad Labem, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Sal\u00e1t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"R\u016f\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Kom\u00e1rkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, CZ-16500 Prague\u2013Suchdol, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"\u010cern\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, CZ-16500 Prague\u2013Suchdol, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Allender, MJ Adkesson, JN Langan, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  69, \"Multi-species outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a zoological institution, with the detection in two new families of carnivores.\" e3060 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14662"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Barroso-Ar\u00e9valo, A Barneto, \u00c1M Ramos, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  69, \"Large-scale study on virological and serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs in Spain.\" e759 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14366"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Bartlett, DG Diel, L Wang, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  51, \"SARS-CoV-2 infection and longitudinal fecal screening in 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Smit,  \"Evaluation of anti-bovine anti-equine and recombinant protein A\/G horseradish peroxidase conjugates for cross reactivity to wildlife serum antibodies using ELISA.\"  1 (2017)"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MN Sparrer, NF Hodges, T Sherman, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  61, \"Role of spillover and spillback in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the importance of One Health in understanding the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic.\" e01610 (2023)","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01610-22"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Surolia, D Pain, MI Khan,  \"Trends Biochem Sci.\"  7, \"Protein A: Nature's universal anti-antibody.\" 74 (1982)","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(82)90082-2"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Tewari, R Miller, J Livengood, et al.  \"Animals.\"  13, \"SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in the Pittsburgh Zoo wild felids with two viral variants (delta and alpha) during the 2021\u20132022 pandemic in the United States.\" 3094 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193094"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Villanueva-Saz, J Giner, AP Tobajas, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  69, \"Serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 and co-infections in stray cats in Spain.\" 1056 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14062"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Zarrineh, IS Mashhadi, M Farhadpour, et al.  \"Anal Biochem.\"  609, \"Mechanism of antibodies purification by protein A.\" 113909 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2020.113909"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IH Nymo, J Godfroid, K \u00c5sbakk, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  25, \"A protein A\/G indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of anti-Brucella antibodies in Arctic wildlife.\" 369 (2013)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713485073"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BH Al-Adhami  and AA Gajadhar  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  200, \"A new multi-host species indirect ELISA using protein A\/G conjugate for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies with comparison to ELISA-IgG, agglutination assay and Western blot.\" 66 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.11.004"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K St\u00f6bel, A Sch\u00f6nberg, C Staak,  \"Int J Med Microbiol.\"  291, \"A new non-species dependent ELISA for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in zoo animals.\" 88 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80018-2"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Liu, G Hu, Y Wang, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  118, \"Functional and genetic analysis of viral receptor ACE2 orthologs reveals a broad potential host range of SARS-CoV-2.\" e2025373118 (2021)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025373118"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JC Chandler, SN Bevins, JW Ellis, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  118, \"SARS-CoV-2 exposure in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).\" e2114828118 (2021)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114828118"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Nagy, M Star\u00e1, R Vodi\u010dka, et al.  \"Arch Virol.\"  167, \"Reverse-zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineage alpha (B.1.1.7) to great apes and exotic felids in a zoo in the Czech Republic.\" 1681 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05469-9"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Wang, ZS Gyimesi, ML Killian, et al.  \"Transbound Emerg Dis.\"  69, \"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 clade B.1.2 in three snow leopards.\" e3346 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14625"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D McAloose, M Laverack, L Wang, et al.  \"mBio.\"  11, \"From people to Panthera: natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo.\" e02220 (2020)","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02220-20"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Bernitz, TJ Kerr, WJ Goosen, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  8, \"Review of diagnostic tests for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in South African wildlife.\" 588697 (2021)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.588697"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:16:51Z","timestamp":1791242211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-2\/JWD-D-24-00028\/WILDLIFE-SENTINEL--DEVELOPMENT-OF-MULTISPECIES-PROTEIN-A-ELISA-FOR\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00028.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}