{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:55:42Z","timestamp":1791244542048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis impacting wild and domestic animals globally. Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona is endemic in free-ranging California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus), and leptospirosis is frequently diagnosed in stranded CSLs. Serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is a commonly performed diagnostic assay, and CSLs with clinical disease have reliably elevated MAT titers. However, MAT results may not be available for several days after sampling. Given the zoonotic and high transmission potential of Leptospira spp., a point-of-care diagnostic test would be valuable in rehabilitation and managed care settings and during outbreak response efforts. The IDEXX SNAP and Zoetis WITNESS anti-Leptospira antibody tests are rapid diagnostic tools that have been validated in dogs and give a qualitative (positive or negative), not quantitative (exact titer), result. The SNAP test uses ELISA to detect both immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies, whereas the WITNESS test is a lateral flow assay that only detects IgM. We compared SNAP and WITNESS results with MAT results by using serum collected from stranded and free-ranging CSL with negative, low, medium, and high anti-Leptospira antibody titers as previously determined by MAT. Percent agreement between SNAP and MAT results was high, with a Cohen's kappa statistic of 0.957. No WITNESS tests were positive. These findings suggest that the SNAP test may be useful for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies and ruling out leptospirosis in CSL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:22:47Z","timestamp":1747354967000},"page":"461-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Two Serologic Tests for Rapid Detection of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mattison","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Rd., Sausalito, California 94965, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara L.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Rd., Sausalito, California 94965, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisabet M.","family":"Hortensius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Rd., Sausalito, California 94965, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Soper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Rd., Sausalito, California 94965, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Burco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 7118 NE Vandenberg Ave., Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terra R.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiEcos, 3865 N Steves Blvd., Flagstaff, Arizona 86004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. C.","family":"Prager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Box 957246, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Chappel, M Goris, MF Palmer, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  42, \"Impact of proficiency testing on results of the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis.\" 5484 (2004)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5484-5488.2004"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"KM Curtis, PC Foster, PS Smith, et al.  \"Int J Appl Res Vet Med.\"  13, \"Performance of a recombinant LipL32 based rapid in-clinic ELISA (SNAP Lepto) for the detection of antibodies against Leptospira in dogs.\" 182 (2015)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Kodjo, C Calleja, M Loenser, et al.  \"Biomed Res Int.\"  2016, \"A rapid in-clinic test detects acute leptospirosis in dogs with high sensitivity and specificity.\" 3760191 (2016)","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3760191"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Lizer, S Velineni, A Weber, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  32, \"Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally infected dogs.\" 201 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14865"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"J Lloyd-Smith  and KC Prager  \"Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program Final Report.\"  \"Leptospirosis in endangered island foxes and California sea lions: Outbreak prediction and prevention in a changing world.\" (2021)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RO Mummah, ACR Gomez, AH Guglielmino, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  18, \"Navigating cross-reactivity and host species effects in a serological assay: A case study of the microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira serology.\" e0012042 (2024)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012042"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KC Prager, MG Buhnerkempe, DJ Greig, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  14, \"Linking longitudinal and cross-sectional biomarker data to understand host-pathogen dynamics: Leptospira in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) as a case study.\" e0008407 (2020)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008407"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KC Prager, DJ Greig, DP Alt, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  164, \"Asymptomatic and chronic carriage of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).\" 177 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.01.032"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"W. Revelle,  \"psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ER Whitmer, B Borremans, PJ Duignan, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  52, \"Classification and regression tree analysis for predicting prognosis in wildlife rehabilitation: A case study of leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).\" 38 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0111"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Sykes, K Hartmann, KF Lunn, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  25, \"2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: Diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention.\" 1 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JO Lloyd-Smith, DJ Greig, S Hietala, et al.  \"BMC Infect Dis.\"  7, \"Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions: Endemic and epidemic disease in one host species?\" 125 (2007)","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-125"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Colagross-Schouten, JAK Mazet, FMD Gulland, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  38, \"Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal California.\" 7 (2002)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.7"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Greig, FMD Gulland, C Kreuder,  \"Aquat Mamm.\"  31, \"A decade of live California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) strandings along the central California coast: Causes and trends, 1991\u20132000.\" 11 (2005)","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.31.1.2005.11"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FMD Gulland, M Koski, LJ Lowenstine, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  32, \"Leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central California coast, 1981\u20131994.\" 572 (1996)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.4.572"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cohen,  \"Educ Psychol Meas.\"  20, \"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales.\" 37 (1960)","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"\"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\"  (2023)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:16:49Z","timestamp":1791242209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-2\/JWD-D-24-00055\/Evaluation-of-Two-Serologic-Tests-for-Rapid-Detection-of-Anti\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00055.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}