{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:58:03Z","timestamp":1791244683240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toad flies in the genus Lucilia (previously referred to as Bufolucilia spp.) parasitize and cause myiasis in several amphibian species in North America. From 2019 to 2022, we documented Lucilia bufonivora infections in post-metamorphic western toads (Anaxyrus boreas) during amphibian surveys in four wetlands in Glacier National Park, Montana, US. We found nine infected adult toads in 2019, seven infected adults in 2020, one infected juvenile in 2021, and five infected adults plus one infected juvenile in 2022. We also captured Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) during these same surveys but detected no infections. Only one of the four wetlands had infected toads in 2019, despite their proximity and hydrologic connectivity, but two of these wetlands had infections in 2020, and a third had a single infection in 2021. The same three of four wetlands had infections in 2022. In 2008, a similar parasitic infection in one western toad had been noted at the same wetland as in 2019. That toad had been captured again two years later without signs of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T07:45:27Z","timestamp":1738309527000},"page":"206-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Myiasis by the Toad Fly (Lucilia bufonivora; Calliphoidae) in Amphibians in Montana, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Leah M.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, Forestry 110, 32 Campus Drive, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake R.","family":"Hossack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, Forestry 110, 32 Campus Drive, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K Clark, I Karsch-Mizrachi, DJ Lipman, et al.  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  44, \"GenBank.\" D67 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1276"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MG Bolek  and JR Coggins  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  38, \"Observations on myiasis by the calliphorid, Bufolucilia silvarum, in the eastern American toad (Bufo americanus americanus) from southeastern Wisconsin.\" 598 (2002)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.3.598"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MG Bolek  and J Janovy  \"J Parasitol.\"  90, \"Observations on myiasis by the calliphorids, Bufolucilia silvarum and Bufolucilia elongata, in wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, from southeastern Wisconsin.\" 1169 (2004)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-246R"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JD Thompson, DG Higgins, TJ Gibson,  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  22, \"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.\" 4673 (1994)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Kumar, G Stecher, K Tamura,  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  33, \"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.\" 1870 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Zhang, S Schwartz, L Wagner, et al.  \"J Comput Biol.\"  7, \"A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences.\" 203 (2000)","DOI":"10.1089\/10665270050081478"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"T. Whitworth,  \"Proc Entomol Soc Wash.\"  108, \"Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of America north of Mexico.\" 689 (2006)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RC Anderson  and GF Bennett  \"Can J Zool.\"  41, \"Ophthalmic myiasis in amphibians in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada.\" 1169 (1963)","DOI":"10.1139\/z63-092"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Arias-Robledo, R Wall, K Szpila, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  10, \"Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism.\" 218 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.09.005"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL. Briggs,  \"J Parasitol.\"  61, \"A case of Bufolucilia elongata Shannon 1924 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) myiasis in the American toad, Bufo americanus Holbrook 1836.\" 412 (1975)","DOI":"10.2307\/3279314"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BR Eaton, AE Moenting, CA Paszkowski, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  94, \"Myiasis by Lucilia silvarum (Calliphoridae) in amphibian species in boreal Alberta, Canada.\" 949 (2008)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1373.1"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"LM. Fischer,  \"Insights from the environment: Unveiling methodological biases and the impacts of beaver-mediated environmental variation on amphibian-parasite dynamics.\"  (2023)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DG. Hall,  \"The blowflies of North America.\"  477 (1948)","DOI":"10.4182\/SFRR4922"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BR Hossack, RE Russell, R McCaffery,  \"Biol Conserv.\"  241, \"Contrasting demographic responses of toad populations to regionally synchronous pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) dynamics.\" 108373 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108373"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"MT James  and TP Maslin  \"J Wash Acad Sci.\"  37, \"Notes on myiasis of the toad, Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard.\" 366 (1947)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"W. Roberts,  \"Alberta Nat.\"  28, \"The calliphorid fly (Bufolucilia sylvarum) parasitic on frogs in Alberta.\" 48 (1998)"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Tamura  and S Kumar  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  19, \"Evolutionary distance estimation under heterogeneous substitution pattern among lineages.\" 1727 (2002)","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003995"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TI Tantawi  and T Whitworth  \"Zootaxa.\"  3881, \"First record of Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, 1876 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from North America and key to North American species of the L. bufonivora species group.\" 101 (2014)","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3881.2.1"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"MD Thompson, MG Bolek, RV Rea,  \"Herpetol Rev.\"  52, \"Calliphorid parasitism causing myiasis in amphibians: A new record for Anaxyrus boreas (western toad) in British Columbia, Canada.\" 303 (2021)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TL Whitworth, MG Bolek, G Arias-Robledo,  \"J Med Entomol.\"  58, \"Lucilia bufonivora, not Lucilia silvarum (Diptera: Calliphoridae), causes myiasis in anurans in North America with notes about Lucilia elongata and Lucilia thatuna.\" 88 (2021)","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa143"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S Ratnasingham  and PDN Hebert  \"Mol Ecol Notes.\"  7, \"BOLD: the barcode of life data system\" 355 (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:38:09Z","timestamp":1791243489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-1\/JWD-D-24-00066\/Myiasis-by-the-Toad-Fly-Lucilia-bufonivora-Calliphoidae-in-Amphibians\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00066.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00066","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}