{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:54:52Z","timestamp":1791244492736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trematodes in the genus Clinostomum develop into large metacercariae that can sometimes achieve high intensity in their second intermediate hosts, potentially causing pathology. In 2022, there was 100% (15\/15) infection prevalence of Clinostomum marginatum, with a mean of 3,125 metacercariae per salamander (range: 279\u20134,075) and a median of 2,949. Dissection and histopathology results indicated that C. marginatum was found in nearly all body tissues and organs of the salamanders. Parasitic infection was closely associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis around the cysts, with heavily infected hosts exhibiting altered buoyancy and difficulty swimming. The following summer, only 22.0% (6\/27) of salamanders were infected with C. marginatum; based on their size, these were probably overwintering larvae from 2022. Here, we characterize a morbidity event in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) from a freshwater pond in Boulder, Colorado, USA, linked to extreme clinostomid infection. After using necropsy, genomic analysis, and histopathological assessment to record the intensity and pathology associated with infections, we assessed the validity of using noninvasive, image-based methods to quantify infection. Over 2 yr, we recorded in situ video imagery of 62 larval A. tigrinum, of which a subset of larvae was collected for parasitological assessment. Infection loads of C. marginatum quantified indirectly via imagery of subcutaneous cysts correlated strongly with direct counts via necropsy and were consistent between independent reviewers, highlighting the utility of this non-invasive assessment method. All evaluated A. tigrinum were co-infected with additional parasite taxa. Prevalence of other trematodes included Ribeiroia ondatrae (80%) and Cephalogonimus americanus (77.5%), as well as the nematode Megalobatrachonema elongata (75%). To discern the impact of such high metacercarial burden of C. marginatum on tiger salamander, future work should incorporate experimental approaches to evaluate load-dependent consequences for host growth, survival, behavior, and time to metamorphosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:24:15Z","timestamp":1747355055000},"page":"448-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EPIZOOTIC OF CLINOSTOMUM MARGINATUM (TREMATODA: CLINOSTOMIDAE) IN AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM FROM COLORADO, USA: INVESTIGATION THROUGH GENOMICS, HISTOPATHOLOGY, AND NONINVASIVE IMAGERY"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Dana M.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Groves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula A.","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler J.","family":"Achatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, Georgia 31206, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Greiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter T.J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ML Adamson  and JPM Richardson  \"J Parasitol Res.\"  75, \"Historical biogeography and host distribution of Chabaudgolvania spp., nematode parasites of salamanders.\" 892 (1989)","DOI":"10.2307\/3282867"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CG Becker, D Rodriguez, C Lambertini, et al.  \"Ecography.\"  39, \"Historical dynamics of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amazonia.\" 954 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.02055"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AR Blaustein, SS Gervasi, PTJ Johnson, et al.  \"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B.\"  367, \"Ecophysiology meets conservation: 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Lehmann,  \"J Parasitol.\"  40, \"Some helminths of west coast urodeles.\" 231 (1954)","DOI":"10.2307\/3274306"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DTJ Littlewood  and PD Olson  \"Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes.\"  \"Small subunit rDNA and the Platyhelminthes: Signal, noise, conflict and compromise.\" 262 (2014)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482268218"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Luikart, V Ezenwa, M Kardos, et al.  \"University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center 30th Annual Report, Wyoming Scholars Repository, Laramie, Wyoming.\"  \"Predicting disease spread in Greater Yellowstone ungulates using parasite DNA markers.\" 119 (2006)","DOI":"10.13001\/uwnpsrc.2006.3669"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"CT. 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(2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125330"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DH Olson, DM Aanensen, KL Ronnenberg, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  8, \"Mapping the global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the amphibian chytrid fungus.\" e56802 (2013)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056802"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Brooks, K Kristensen, KJ van Benthem, et al.  \"R Journal.\"  9, \"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling.\" 378 (2017)","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PTJ Johnson, DL Preston, JT Hoverman, et al.  \"Nature.\"  494, \"Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence.\" 230 (2013)","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11883"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Standish, E Leis, N Schmitz, et al.  \"Dis Aquat Organ.\"  129, \"Optimizing, validating, and field testing a multiplex qPCR for the detection of amphibian pathogens.\" 1 (2018)","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03230"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EM Hall, CS Goldberg, JL Brunner, et al.  \"Oecologia.\"  188, \"Seasonal dynamics and potential drivers of ranavirus epidemics in wood frog populations.\" 1253 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-018-4274-4"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ALJ Duffus, TB Waltzek, AC St\u00f6hr, et al.  \"Ranaviruses: Lethal pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates.\"  \"Distribution and host range of ranaviruses.\" 9 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13755-1_2"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Lawson, SO Petrovan, AA Cunningham,  \"Ecohealth.\"  12, \"Citizen science and wildlife disease surveillance.\" 693 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-015-1054-z"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DC McKinley, AJ Miller-Rushing, HL Ballard, et al.  \"Biol Conserv.\"  208, \"Citizen science can improve conservation science, natural resource management, and environmental protection.\" 15 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.05.015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:17:00Z","timestamp":1791242220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-2\/JWD-D-24-00068\/EPIZOOTIC-OF-CLINOSTOMUM-MARGINATUM-TREMATODA--CLINOSTOMIDAE-IN-AMBYSTOMA-TIGRINUM\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00068.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}