{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:54:54Z","timestamp":1791244494540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode parasite of raccoons (Procyon lotor), has important implications for human health and ecological conservation. Several techniques are available for detecting B. procyonis, and it is important to consider their limitations for the specific question to be answered. The sensitivity of molecular tools to detect B. procyonis in comparison to traditional methods is unknown. We compared the sensitivity fecal flotation with PCR to identify raccoons infected with B. procyonis as determined by seeing worms at necropsy. We collected 2\u20136 g of fecal material from along the ascending, transverse, and descending colon of 31 raccoons, resulting in 48 fecal samples across 31 individuals. Samples were aliquoted into two sets to compare fecal flotation and PCR. Of the 31 raccoons, 7\/31 (23%) were infected with B. procyonis, but fecal flotation analysis identified only 4\/31 positive raccoons (13%). Using fecal flotations from known positive individuals, 4\/10 (40%) were positive, but PCR did not discover any infected individuals. Our results demonstrate the importance of using multiple techniques to confirm B. procyonis presence or absence. Dissection of raccoon intestines is the most sensitive technique because it enables visualization of worms. Fecal flotations remain the most efficient method of determining environmental prevalence and positive individuals from fecal sampling. Although PCR is technically very sensitive, it is limited by the quality and quantity of DNA in a sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:25:37Z","timestamp":1747355137000},"page":"483-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sensitivity of Methods to Determine Presence of Baylisascaris procyonis Eggs in Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Feces"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"L. Kristen","family":"Page","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Loiacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Edmunds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriveny","family":"Dangoudoubiyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, 725 Harrison St., Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Anchor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Preserve of Cook County, 536 North Harlem, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Chris,  \"CMAJ.\"  174, \"Raccoon roundworm.\" 1410 (2006)","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051652"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MW Cunningham, DP Wolf, KA Sayler, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  59, \"Distribution of Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Florida, USA.\" 347 (2023)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00115"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Hernandez, B Galbreath, DF Riddle, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  112, \"Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from North Carolina and current status of the parasite in the USA.\" 693 (2013)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3186-1"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LK. Page,  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  10, \"Parasites and the conservation of small populations: The case of Baylisascaris procyonis.\" 203 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.05.003"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LK Page, DAP Delzell, SD Gehrt, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  52, \"The structure and seasonality of Baylisascaris procyonis populations in raccoons (Procyon lotor).\" 286 (2016)","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-06-153"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LK Page, SA Johnson, RK Swihart, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  48, \"Prevalence of Baylisascaris procyonis in habitats associated with Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) populations in Indiana.\" 503 (2012)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.503"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Pipas, LK Page, KR Kazacon,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Surveillance for Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Wyoming, USA.\" 777 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-10-263"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Renter\u00eda-Sol\u00eds, S Birka, R Schm\u00e4schke, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  117, \"First detection of Baylisacaris procyonis in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Leipzig, Saxony, Eastern Germany.\" 3289 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5988-2"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SGH Sapp, BA Murray, ER Hoover, et al.  \"Zoonoses Pub Health.\"  65, \"Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) as an occupational hazard: 1. 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Logiudice,  \"Conserv Biol.\"  17, \"Trophically transmitted parasites and the conservation of small populations: Raccoon roundworm and the imperiled Allegheny woodrat.\" 258 (2003)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01293.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Dangoudoubiyam, R Vemulapalli, KR Kazacos,  \"J Parasitol.\"  95, \"PCR assays for detection of Baylisascaris procyonis eggs and larvae.\" 571 (2009)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1905.1"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL Blizzard, CD Davis, S Henke, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  96, \"Distribution, prevalence, and genetic characterization of Baylisascaris procyonis in selected areas of Georgia.\" 1128 (2010a)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2518.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL Blizzard, MJ Yabsley, MF Beck, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  16, \"Geographic expansion of Baylisascaris procyonis roundworms, Florida, USA.\" 1803 (2010b)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100549"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:17:05Z","timestamp":1791242225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-2\/JWD-D-24-00090\/Sensitivity-of-Methods-to-Determine-Presence-of-Baylisascaris-procyonis-Eggs\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00090.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00090","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}