{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:55:37Z","timestamp":1791244537294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteochondrosis is a common disease that has been described in several farm and pet species as well as in some wildlife species, including captive roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus). It has not previously been confirmed in gray wolves (Canis lupus lupus). Postmortem radiographs of three free-ranging, juvenile sibling wolves revealed osteochondrosis in at least one of the glenohumeral joints (GHJs) in all individuals. Whole-body computed tomography and computed tomographic arthrography of both GHJs were performed in one case and suggested bilateral osteochondrosis lesions of the humeral head without cartilage flap formation. Cytologic examination of synovial fluid from the GHJs of this wolf was consistent with degenerative arthropathy. Macroscopic and histopathologic examination of the GHJs confirmed the presence of osteochondrosis manifesta in both males and the female. The identification of this condition highlights the importance of considering osteochondrosis in the differential diagnosis of lameness in both captive and free-ranging wolf populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:26:12Z","timestamp":1747355172000},"page":"488-495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Osteochondrosis Manifesta in Three Related Free-Ranging Gray Wolves (Canis lupus lupus) in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Juliette B.","family":"Burg-Personnaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Van der Vekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Geissb\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laureen M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CS Carlson, HD Hilley, DJ Meuten,  \"Vet Pathol.\"  26, \"Degeneration of cartilage canal vessels associated with lesions of osteochondrosis in swine.\" 47 (1989)","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588902600108"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CS Carlson, DJ Meuten, DC Richardson,  \"J Orthop Res.\"  9, \"Ischemic necrosis of cartilage in spontaneous and experimental lesions of osteochondrosis.\" 317 (1991)","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090303"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S D\u00f6ring, B Arzi, JN Winer, et al.  \"J Comp Pathol.\"  160, \"Dental and temporomandibular joint pathology of the grey wolf (Canis lupus).\" 56 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2018.03.001"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Ekman  and CS Carlson  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  28, \"The pathophysiology of osteochondrosis.\" 17 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50002-2"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PE Etterlin, S Ekman, R Strand, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  54, \"Osteochondrosis, synovial fossae, and articular indentations in the talus and distal tibia of growing domestic pigs and wild boars.\" 445 (2017)","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816688743"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Everts, HA Hazewinkel, J Rothuizen, et al.  \"Vet Q.\"  22, \"Bone disorders in the dog: A review of modern genetic strategies to find the underlying causes.\" 63 (2000)","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2000.9695027"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PJ. Fernandes,  \"Cowell and Tyler's diagnostic cytology and hematology of the dog and cat.\"  \"Synovial fluid analysis\" 186 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-53314-0.00012-2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Gipson, W Ballard, R Nowak, et al.  \"J Wildl Manag.\"  64, \"Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear.\" 752 (2000)","DOI":"10.2307\/3802745"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KV Herrin, G Allan, A Black, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  43, \"Stifle osteochondritis dissecans in snow leopards (Uncia uncia).\" 347 (2012)","DOI":"10.1638\/2010-0169.1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GL Huckins, SK Chinnadurai, M Ivan\u010d\u00ed\u0107, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Osteochondral autograft transfer for treatment of stifle osteochondritis dissecans in two related snow leopards (Panthera uncia).\" 788 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0229.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Johnson, BS Houser, H Frederick, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Osteochondrosis dissecans in a juvenile roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus).\" 111 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2006-0053.1"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA. Johnston,  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  28, \"Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral head.\" 33 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50003-4"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Kippenes  and G Johnston  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  28, \"Diagnostic imaging of osteochondrosis.\" 137 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50009-5"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HK. Kristensen,  \"Stain Technol.\"  23, \"An improved method of decalcification.\" 151 (1948)","DOI":"10.3109\/10520294809106242"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DF Lawier, RH Evans, JA Reetz, et al.  \"J Vet Anat.\"  8, \"Scapular glenoid observations of six Canis lupus dingo.\" 47 (2015)","DOI":"10.21608\/jva.2015.44866"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LD. Mech,  \"Can Field-Nat.\"  122, \"Weight changes in wild wolves, Canis lupus, from ages 2 to 24 months.\" 173 (2008)","DOI":"10.22621\/cfn.v122i2.580"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"JP Morgan, A Wind, AP Davidson,  \"Hereditary bone and joint diseases in the dog: Osteochondroses, hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia.\"  238 (2000)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Ohlerth, S Senn, U Geissb\u00fchler, et al.  \"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd.\"  158, \"Prevalence of humeral head osteochondrosis in the Greater Swiss Mountain dog and the Border Collie in Switzerland.\" 749 (2016)","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00091"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Pollard  and KL Phillips  \"Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology.\"  \"Chapter 18: Orthopedic diseases of young and growing dogs and cats.\" 348 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48247-9.00030-9"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"H Schebitz  and H Wilkens  \"Atlas of radiographic anatomy of the dog and cat.\"  197 (1977)"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Schm\u00f6kel, A Farrell, MF Balisi,  \"PloS One.\"  18, \"Subchondral defects resembling osteochondrosis dissecans in joint surfaces of the extinct saber-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis and dire wolf Aenocyon dirus.\" e0287656 (2023)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287656"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HJ van Bree  and B Van Ryssen  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  28, \"Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in osteochondrosis lesions.\" 161 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50010-1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CR Wall, CR Cook, JL Cook,  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  56, \"Diagnostic sensitivity of radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging for detecting shoulder osteochondrosis\/osteochondritis dissecans in dogs.\" 3 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12179"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Ytrehus, HA Haga, CN Mellum, et al.  \"J Orthop Res.\"  22, \"Experimental ischemia of porcine growth cartilage produces lesions of osteochondrosis.\" 1201 (2004)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.03.006"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Basu, AL Stoll, J Dixon, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Osteochondrosis in the distal femurs of an adult reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata): macroscopic, radiologic, and histologic findings.\" 359 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0076.1"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Ytrehus, CS Carlson, S Ekman,  \"Vet Pathol.\"  44, \"Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis.\" 429 (2007)","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-4-429"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:17:08Z","timestamp":1791242228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-2\/JWD-D-24-00101\/Osteochondrosis-Manifesta-in-Three-Related-Free-Ranging-Gray-Wolves-Canis\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00101.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}