{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1794433999299,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Effects on physiology were evaluated in 49 free-ranging moose (Alces alces), 11 adult males, 36 females, two of unknown sex) in Minnesota, USA, immobilized by helicopter darting with thiafentanil (10 mg) and xylazine (30 mg) in February 2020 and March 2021. Pursuit time (PT), induction time (IT), recumbency time (RT), recovery time (RC), temperature (T), and body position were recorded. For 14 females, respiratory rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), and pulse oximetry (SpO2) were obtained before and at 1, 5, and 10 min after 4 L\/min nasal oxygen supplementation was started; pH, lactate (Lac), arterial oxygen (PaO2), and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tensions were obtained pre-treatment and 5 min post-treatment. Immobilizations were reversed with naltrexone (200 mg) and tolazoline (800 mg) intramuscularly. Median PT and IT were 4 min; a longer dart needle significantly reduced IT (P=0.0274). Most (98%) remained sternal; 77% held their head upright. Median RC was 3 min. Temperature remained \u226441.2 C. Median RR, PR, and SpO2 were RR=20 breaths\/min, PR=70 beats\/min, SpO2=91% pre-treatment and RR=30 breaths\/min, PR=72 beats\/min, SpO2=97% 5-min post-treatment. Median blood gas values were pH=7.45, Lac=5.62 mmol\/L, PaCO2=44 mmHg, and PaO2=65 mmHg pre-treatment and pH=7.48, Lac=4.99 mmol\/L, PaCO2=41.1 mmHg, and PaO2=78 mmHg 5-min post-treatment. Physiologic improvement from oxygen supplementation was clinically relevant but not statistically significant. All moose survived immobilization. Thiafentanil and xylazine combination provided safe and effective immobilization in free-ranging moose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T08:03:27Z","timestamp":1738310607000},"page":"247-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Physiologic Outcomes After Thiafentanil and Xylazine Immobilization in Free-Ranging Moose (Alces alces)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ienello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, 27 Store Rd., Grand Portage, Minnesota 55605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, 27 Store Rd., Grand Portage, Minnesota 55605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Species360, 7900 International Blvd., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alonso G. P.","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Adam, J Lind\u00e9n, M Raekallio, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  45, \"Effects of vatinoxan on xylazine-induced pulmonary alterations in sheep.\" 117 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13013"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"M Carstensen, EC Hildebrand, D Plattner, et al.  \"Summaries of wildlife research findings 2016.\"  \"Determining cause-specific mortality of adult moose in northeast Minnesota, February 2013\u2013July 2017.\" 236 (2018)"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"GD DelGiudice, BA Mangipane, BA Sampson, et al.  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  29, \"Chemical immobilization, body temperature and post-release mortality of white-tailed deer captured by clover trap and net-gun.\" 1147 (2001)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GD DelGiudice, BA Sampson, MS Lenarz, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  47, \"Winter body condition of moose (Alces alces) in a declining population in northern Minnesota.\" 30 (2011)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.1.30"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Evans, A Fahlman, G Ericsson, et al.  \"Acta Vet Scand.\"  54, \"Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in northern Sweden.\" 77 (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-54-77"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AW Franzmann, CC Schwartz, DC Johnson, et al.  \"Alces.\"  20, \"Immobilization of moose with carfentanil.\" 259 (1984)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-20.4.333"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WB Karesh, DL Janssen, JE Oosterhuis, et al.  \"J Zoo Anim Med.\"  17, \"A Comparison of carfentanil and etorphine\/ xylazine immobilization of axis deer.\" 58 (1986)","DOI":"10.2307\/20094795"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Lakhdhir, N Caulkett, T Duke-Novakovski, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  48, \"Evaluation of intramuscular sodium nitroprusside injection to improve oxygenation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) anesthetized with medetomidine-alfaxalone-azaperone.\" 65 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.10.006"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MS Lenarz, J Fieberg, MW Schrage, et al.  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  74, \"Living on the edge: Viability of moose in northeastern Minnesota.\" 1013 (2010)","DOI":"10.2193\/2009-493"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL Levine, SPH Dwinnell, B Kroger, et al.  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  46, \"Helicopter-based immobilization of moose using butorphanol\u2013azaperone\u2013medetomidine.\" e1327 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1327"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LCR Meyer, RS Hetem, LG Fick, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  46, \"Effects of serotonin agonists and doxapram on respiratory depression and hypoxemia in etorphine-immobilized impala (Aepyceros melampus).\" 514 (2010)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.514"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA Moore, TM Wolf, WJ Severud, et al.  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  88, \"Spring black bear harvest and predation pressure on moose calves in a multi-predator system.\" e22618 (2024)","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22618"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"\"Climate data online search.\""},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR. 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Kreeger,  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  28, \"Xylazine-induced aspiration pneumonia in Shira's moose.\" 751 (2000)"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Lian, AL Evans, MF Bertelsen, et al.  \"Acta Vet Scand.\"  56, \"Improvement of arterial oxygenation in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine.\" 51 (2014)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0051-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:38:24Z","timestamp":1791243504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-1\/JWD-D-24-00114\/Physiologic-Outcomes-After-Thiafentanil-and-Xylazine-Immobilization-in-Free-Ranging\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00114.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}