{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:57:33Z","timestamp":1791237453410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of wildlife pathogens in time and space impacts current understanding, detection, and management of infectious diseases, which may best be appreciated dynamically at a local level. As in the rest of the USA, over the past two centuries the epizootiology, prevention, and control of rabies in Alabama has changed significantly. Canine rabies was reported in Alabama during the USA civil war and predominated until after World War II. Appreciation of wildlife rabies grew only after the control of rabies in dogs. During the 1950s, rabies in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) spread throughout the southeastern USA but declined unexpectedly in the ensuing decades. By the 21st century, besides multiple variants of rabies virus in bats, the only extant mesocarnivore reservoir was the raccoon (Procyon lotor). Currently, Alabama represents the westernmost extent of the raccoon rabies virus variant in the USA. Historically, rabies case detection evolved from passive reporting dependent on clinical signs towards enhanced, laboratory-based surveillance. Control progressed from host population reduction toward prevention by oral rabies vaccination of wildlife in combination with comprehensive vaccination of companion animals and postexposure prophylaxis in humans. Today, modern disease management is exemplified in Alabama via a One Health context, as reflected in this systematic review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:37:23Z","timestamp":1771234643000},"page":"1-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY RABIES EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT IN ALABAMA, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Rylee D.","family":"Tomey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan V.","family":"Kuzmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dee W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health, RSA Tower, 201 Monroe Street, Suite 900, Montgomery, Alabama 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Ditchkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Ma, C Boutelle, S Bonaparte, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  262, \"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2022.\" 1518 (2024)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.05.0354"},{"key":"267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Velasco-Villa, SA Reeder, LA Orciari, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  14, \"Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States.\" 1849 (2008)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080876"},{"key":"226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CE Rupprecht, T Buchanan, F Cliquet, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  60, \"A global perspective on oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies.\" 241 (2024)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00078"},{"key":"249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Torrence, SR Jenkins, LT Glickman,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  28, \"Epidemiology of raccoon rabies in Virginia, 1984 to 1989.\" 369 (1992)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-28.3.369"},{"key":"273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Wiktor  and H Koprowski  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  75, \"Monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus produced by somatic cell hybridization: Detection of antigenic variants.\" 3938 (1978)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.8.3938"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"MK. 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