{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:01:19Z","timestamp":1791237679769,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has successfully prevented appreciable spread of the raccoon rabies virus variant (RRVV) west of the Appalachian Mountains in the US. However, local and regional elimination of RRVV has been challenging, particularly in areas of the eastern US with routine spillover transmission to striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) populations. We used rabies antibody seroprevalence monitoring data from two ORV baiting strategies, a 75 baits\/km2 applied from 2012 to 2013 and a 300 baits\/km2 applied from 2014 to 2016, in West Virginia, US, and home range estimates on the basis of data from striped skunks collared with a global positioning system in 2014 and 2015, to identify factors influencing skunk home range size and movements with respect to land cover classes and to compare the efficiency of hypothetical aerial ORV baiting scenarios that may improve bait uptake by skunks and increase post-ORV rabies antibody seroprevalence. When baits were deployed in late August, the mean core and overall skunk home ranges were 0.135 km2 (\u00b10.086 km2 SD) and 0.648 km2 (\u00b10.400 km2 SD), respectively. Skunks preferred, and maintained smaller home ranges in, pasture and had larger home ranges in deciduous-mixed forest. The ORV baiting scenarios that we explored varied in bait density, flight-line spacing between baiting transects, and flight patterns followed to deliver baits. Bait density was the most important factor that we identified; higher bait density increased predicted seroprevalence and possible bait uptake. The crisscross flight pattern compared with the parallel pattern had higher costs without a substantial increase in hypothetical bait uptake. This research provides insight into skunk ecology in a rural area of the eastern US and how various aerial baiting strategies might influence the efficiency and effectiveness of ORV related to skunks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T14:12:36Z","timestamp":1763475156000},"page":"914-926","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["STRIPED SKUNK (MEPHITIS MEPHITIS) HOME RANGE AND ORAL RABIES VACCINE BAIT DISTRIBUTION IN WEST VIRGINIA, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Shylo R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Pepin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin W.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samual A.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 730 Yokum Street, Elkins, West Virginia 26241, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt C.","family":"VerCauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Velasco-Villa, SA Reeder, LA Orciari, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  14, \"Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States.\" 1849 (2008)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080876"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JC Beasley, TC Atwood, ME Byrne, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  10, \"A behaviorally-explicit approach for delivering vaccine baits to mesopredators to control epizootics in fragmented landscapes.\" e0113206 (2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113206"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Calenge,  \"Ecol Modell.\"  197, \"The package \u201cadehabitat\u201d for the R software: A tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals.\" 516 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"JA. Compton,  \"Ecology of common raccoon (Procyon lotor) in western Pennsylvania as related to an oral rabies vaccination program.\"  105 (2007)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SC Farry, SE Henke, SL Beasom, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  34, \"Efficacy of bait distributional strategies to deliver canine rabies vaccines to coyotes in southern Texas.\" 23 (1998)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.1.23"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AT Gilbert  and RB Chipman  \"Rabies.\"  \"Rabies control in wild carnivores.\" 605 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818705-0.00019-4"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Greenwood, AB Sargeant, DH Johnson,  \"J Wildl Manag.\"  49, \"Evaluation of mark-recapture for estimating striped skunk abundance.\" 332 (1985)","DOI":"10.2307\/3801526"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RI Jennrich  and FB Turner  \"J Theor Biol.\"  22, \"Measurement of non-circular home range.\" 227 (1969)","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(69)90002-2"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"BFJ Manly, LL McDonald, DL Thomas, et al.  \"Resource selection by animals: Statistical design and analysis for field studies.\"  221 (2002)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RC Rosatte  and JR Gunson  \"Can Field Nat.\"  98, \"Dispersal and home range of striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, in an area of population reduction in southern Alberta.\" 315 (1984)","DOI":"10.5962\/p.355158"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CE Rupprecht, CM Freuling, RS Mani, et al.  \"Rabies.\"  \"A history of rabies\u2014The foundation for global canine rabies elimination.\" 1 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818705-0.00001-7"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Tardy, A Mass\u00e9, F Pelletier, et al.  \"Ecosphere.\"  5, \"Density-dependent functional responses in habitat selection by two hosts of the raccoon rabies virus variant.\" 132 (2014)","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00197.1"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\"US Geological Survey data release.\"  \"National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2011 land cover conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, May 2024).\" (2014)","DOI":"10.5066\/P97S2IID"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"\"TNM (The National Map) download (v2.0).\"  (2020)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"BJ. Verts,  \"The biology of the striped skunk.\"  218 (1967)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Vos, CM Freuling, B Hundt, et al.  \"Vaccine.\"  35, \"Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency.\" 3938 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.022"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Hampson, L Coudeville, T Lembo, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  9, \"Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.\" e0003709 (2015)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM Wallace, A Gilbert, D Slate, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  9, \"Right place, wrong species: A 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.\" e107539 (2014)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107539"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Bates, M M\u00e4chler, BM Bolker, et al.  \"J Stat Softw.\"  67, \"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA Elmore, RB Chipman, D Slate, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  11, \"Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination.\" e0005249 (2017)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005249"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Guerra, AT Curns, CE Rupprecht, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  9, \"Skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern United States: Temporal and spatial analysis.\" 1143 (2003)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020608"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Slate, TP Algeo, KM Nelson, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  3, \"Oral rabies vaccination in North America: Opportunities, complexities, and challenges.\" e549 (2009)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000549"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Slate, RB Chipman, TP Algeo, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Safety and immunogenicity of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) in the first US field trial in raccoons (Procyon lotor).\" 582 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-08-207"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DH. Johnson,  \"Ecology.\"  61, \"The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference.\" 65 (1980)","DOI":"10.2307\/1937156"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Seaman  and RA Powell  \"Ecology.\"  77, \"An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis.\" 2075 (1996)","DOI":"10.2307\/2265701"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"\"R: a language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"\"ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.3.\"  (2014)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MB Hooten  and NT Hobbs  \"Ecol Monogr.\"  85, \"A guide to Bayesian model selection for ecologists.\" 3 (2015)","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0661.1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SR Johnson, D Slate, KM Nelson, et al.  \"Viruses.\"  13, \"Serological responses of raccoons and striped skunks to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in West Virginia during 2012\u20132016.\" 157 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020157"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KM McClure, G Bastille-Rousseau, AJ Davis, et al.  \"Ecol Appl.\"  32, \"Accounting for animal movement improves vaccination strategies against wildlife disease in heterogeneous landscapes.\" e2568 (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2568"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DH Johnston, DR Voigt, CD MacInnes, et al.  \"Rev Infect Dis.\"  10, \"An aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks.\" S660 (1988)","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.Supplement_4.S660"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Ma, S Bonaparte, P Corbett, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  261, \"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021.\" 1045 (2023)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.02.0081"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Recuenco, JD Blanton, CE Rupprecht,  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  12, \"A spatial model to forecast raccoon rabies emergence.\" 126 (2012)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0053"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HG Steelman, SE Henke, GM Moore,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  36, \"Bait delivery for oral rabies vaccine to gray foxes.\" 744 (2000)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.4.744"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Te Kamp, CM Freuling, A Vos, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  10, \"Responsiveness of various reservoir species to oral rabies vaccination correlates with differences in vaccine uptake of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues.\" 2919 (2020)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59719-4"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Wohlers, EW Lankau, EH Oertli, et al.  \"Zoonoses Public Health.\"  65, \"Challenges to controlling rabies in skunk populations using oral rabies vaccination: A review.\" 373 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12471"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"KP Burnham  and DR Anderson  \"Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach.\"  488 (2002)"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Northrup, MB Hooten, CR Anderson, et al.  \"Ecology.\"  94, \"Practical guidance on characterizing availability in resource selection functions under a use\u2013availability design.\" 1456 (2013)","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1688.1"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Slate, BD Saidy, A Simmons, et al.  \"J Wildl Manag.\"  84, \"Rabies management implications based on raccoon population density indexes.\" 877 (2020)","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21869"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:47:24Z","timestamp":1791236844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-4\/JWD-D-24-00216\/STRIPED-SKUNK-MEPHITIS-MEPHITIS-HOME-RANGE-AND-ORAL-RABIES-VACCINE\/10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00216.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-24-00216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]}}}