{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:01:55Z","timestamp":1791237715795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations are expanding across the USA, raising concerns about the ecologic impacts and role as reservoirs for pathogens of significance to human and animal health. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is a recognized risk for humans and domestic dogs in the southern USA. Common wildlife reservoirs of T. cruzi include rodents (e.g., Neotoma spp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Virginia opossums (Didelphus virginiana); however, there have been reports of T. cruzi infection in suids, including a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Mexico and three wild pigs in Texas, USA. Our study aimed to better understand the prevalence and distribution of T. cruzi antibodies in wild pigs in the USA. We collected 1,093 serum samples from wild pigs across 12 states in the southern, midwestern, and western regions of the USA, all of which have populations of T. cruzi triatomine vectors. We tested sera for antibodies against T. cruzi using an indirect ELISA and detected an overall apparent prevalence of 14.6% (160\/1,093; 95% confidence interval, 12.6\u201316.9%). Pig sex, age class, month of sampling, and region were not significantly associated with seroprevalence; however, state of origin explained some variation in the data. We demonstrated that wild pigs in the USA were exposed to T. cruzi, highlighting the need for further research elucidating their role in T. cruzi transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T14:17:52Z","timestamp":1763475472000},"page":"1071-1076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi Antibodies in Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa) in the USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Taylor A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Coker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailey","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vienna R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Inspection Services, Wildlife Services, National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Yabsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Cleveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"20","unstructured":"\"RStudio: integrated development environment for R.\"  (2024)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Carmona-Castro, DA Moo-Llanes, JM Ramsey,  \"Med Vet Entomol.\"  32, \"Impact of climate change on vector transmission of 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(2013)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0817"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Curtis-Robles, BC Lewis, SA Hamer,  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  5, \"High Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence associated with minimal cardiac pathology among wild carnivores in central Texas.\" 117 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.04.001"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"\"Datawrapper.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"\"R: a language and environment for statistical computing.\"  (2024)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Smyser, MA Tabak, C Slootmaker, et al.  \"Mol Ecol.\"  29, \"Mixed ancestry from wild and domestic lineages contributes to the rapid expansion of invasive feral swine.\" 1103 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15392"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A Irish, JD Whitman, EH Clark, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  28, \"Updated estimates and mapping for prevalence of Chagas disease among adults, United States.\" 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(2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0009"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IB Zecca, CL Hodo, S Slack, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  11, \"Trypanosoma cruzi infections and associated pathology in urban-dwelling Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana).\" 287 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.03.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:47:47Z","timestamp":1791236867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-61\/issue-4\/JWD-D-25-00020\/Prevalence-of-Trypanosoma-cruzi-Antibodies-in-Wild-Pigs-Sus-scrofa\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00020.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]}}}