{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1792171405302,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study detected Trichomonas gypaetinii in Black-tailed Gulls (Larus crassirostris) in South Korea. We collected 83 samples (80 oropharyngeal swabs from live birds and three carcass-derived specimens) from breeding colonies on Nando and Hongdo islands and coastal habitats in Taean, South Korea, in 2023\u201324. Molecular analysis using nested PCR targeting the ITS region revealed an exceptionally high prevalence (98.8%) of Trichomonas spp., with both Trichomonas gallinae and Trichomonas gypaetinii identified. We observed significant seasonal variation in Trichomonas spp. distribution, with T. gallinae predominating in winter (85%), while T. gypaetinii became more prevalent during breeding and migration periods (67%). Co-infections were documented at both breeding colonies, suggesting potential interspecies interactions. Sex-based differences in infection patterns were statistically significant (P&lt;0.05); T. gypaetinii showed higher prevalence in adult males at Nando Island (88%) and in adult females at Hongdo Island (88%). Despite the high infection rate, no distinctive lesions were observed in examined carcasses, raising questions about pathogenicity and host adaptation. These findings expand the known host range of this protozoan parasite beyond raptors. This, together with previous detection of T. gallinae in other seabird species (Streaked Shearwater [Calonectris leucomelas] and Swinhoe's Petrel [Hydrobates monorhis]), highlights the need for expanded surveillance of Trichomonas spp. in nonraptor species and further investigation into transmission dynamics, pathogenicity, and potential impacts on reproductive success and population health in colonial nesting birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:40:51Z","timestamp":1771234851000},"page":"192-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Black-Tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris): A Novel Host for Trichomonas gypaetinii with High Prevalence of Avian Trichomonads in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, 87-10 Jinmaeul-gil, Heuksan-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58863, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Woo","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Yeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, 87-10 Jinmaeul-gil, Heuksan-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58863, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang Mo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, 87-10 Jinmaeul-gil, Heuksan-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58863, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, 87-10 Jinmaeul-gil, Heuksan-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58863, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wongi","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Alejandro Mateo, I Azami-Conesa, B Mart\u00edn-Maldonado, et al.  \"Parasitology Res.\"  121, \"Adaptation of the classical end-point ITS-PCR for the diagnosis of avian trichomonosis to a real-time PCR reveals Bonelli's eagle as a new host for Trichomonas gypaetinii.\" 3663 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07693-3"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"RA. Cole,  \"Field manual of wildlife diseases. General field procedures and diseases of birds.\"  \"Trichomoniasis.\" 201 (1999)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AJ Cunningham, KB Garrett, NM Nemeth, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  60, \"High prevalence and broad distribution of Trichomonas gypaetinii in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the USA.\" 1029 (2024)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00008"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"J Fair, E Paul, J Jones, et al.  \"Guidelines to the use of wild birds in research.\"  (2010)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Forrester  and GW Foster  \"Parasitic diseases of wild birds.\"  \"Trichomonosis.\" 120 (2008)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620.ch6"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YA Girard, KH Rogers, R Gerhold, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  3, \"Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis).\" 32 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Grabensteiner, I Bilic, T Kolbe, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  172, \"Molecular analysis of clonal trichomonad isolates indicates the existence of heterogenic species present in different birds and within the same host.\" 53 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.015"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Kamaruddin, M Tokoro, M Moshiur Rahman, et al.  \"Korean J Parasitol.\"  52, \"Molecular characterization of various trichomonad species isolated from humans and related mammals in Indonesia.\" 471 (2014)","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.5.471"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"JH. Kim,  \"2023 Korea National Park avian survey research report.\"  \"Establishing a habitat safety evaluation system for avian populations on uninhabited islands.\" 14 (2023)"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"JH. Kim,  \"2024 National Park avian survey research report.\"  \"Monitoring of wild avian pathogen infections.\" 2 (2024)"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz, F Ponce-Gordo, I Rodr\u00edguez-Arce, et al.  \"Parasitology Res.\"  114, \"Trichomonas gypaetinii n. sp., a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey.\" 101 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4165-5"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Mart\u00ednez-Herrero, F Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, I L\u00f3pez-M\u00e1rquez, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"Oropharyngeal trichomonosis due to Trichomonas gypaetinii in a cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) fledgling in Spain\" 153 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-11-274"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Narcisi, M Sevoian, BM Honigberg,  \"Avian Dis.\"  35, \"Pathologic changes in pigeons infected with a virulent Trichomonas gallinae strain (Eiberg).\" 55 (1991)","DOI":"10.2307\/1591295"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Stabler,  \"Exp Parasitol.\"  3, \"Trichomonas gallinae: A review.\" 368 (1954)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(54)90035-1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Tomikawa, S Nakagun, Y Watanabe, et al.  \"Parasitology Res.\"  120, \"Molecular characterization of Trichomonas gypaetinii isolated from the upper alimentary tract of Steller's sea eagles (Haliaeetus pelagicus) and white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Hokkaido, Japan.\" 2189 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07160-5"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EDS Wolff, SW Salisbury, JR Horner, et al.  \"PLoS ONE.\"  4, \"Common avian infection plagued the tyrant dinosaurs.\" e7288 (2009)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007288"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Amin, I Bilic, D Liebhart, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  141, \"Trichomonads in birds\u2014A review.\" 733 (2014)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013002096"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Bunbury, CG Jones, AG Greenwood, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  43, \"Trichomonas gallinae in Mauritian columbids: Implications for an endangered endemic.\" 399 (2007)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.399"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MC Mart\u00ednez-Herrero, J Sansano-Maestre, I L\u00f3pez-M\u00e1rquez, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  43, \"Genetic characterization of oropharyngeal trichomonad isolates from wild birds indicates that genotype is associated with host species, diet and presence of pathognomonic lesions.\" 535 (2014)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.967660"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WK Kelly-Clark, S McBurney, MJ Forz\u00e1n, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  44, \"Detection and characterization of a Trichomonas isolate from a rehabilitated bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).\" 1123 (2013)","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0085R.1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1791235148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-1\/JWD-D-25-00039\/Black-Tailed-Gull-Larus-crassirostris--A-Novel-Host-for\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00039.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]}}}