{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:57:22Z","timestamp":1791237442071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nancy Ma's night monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) are significantly impacted by illegal trafficking along the tri-border region between Peru, Colombia, and Brazil. Night monkeys previously used for biomedical research have been released into natural forests along the tri-border region posing a health and conservation threat to local wild monkey populations. We evaluated the health of 55 adult night monkeys during two sampling periods (2018 and 2023) along the tri-border region through clinical evaluation, determination of ectoparasite presence, and through surveillance via PCR of oral swabs and blood samples followed by Sanger sequencing for herpesviruses, orthoflaviviruses, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Ectoparasites were more commonly found during the dry season (odds ratio=4.18, 95% confidence interval [1.36, 13.99], P=0.015). The presence of herpesvirus and flavivirus was 48.6% (18\/37) and 1.8% (1\/55), respectively. Sanger sequencing identified two distinct herpesviruses (Aotus nancymaae cytomegalovirus 1 and Aotus nancymaae lymphocryptovirus 1) and one flavivirus (86.18% identity to the Psorophora flavivirus, part of the insect-specific flavivirus lineage II group in South America). Tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria was not detected. Our findings provide molecular evidence that orthoflaviviruses and herpesviruses are detectable in free-ranging night monkeys in the tri-border region, underscoring the importance of future studies to investigate infection dynamics and the prevalence of potential zoonotic pathogens associated with this primate species within the Amazon Basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:41:28Z","timestamp":1771234888000},"page":"114-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HEALTH STATUS AND PATHOGEN SURVEILLANCE IN FREE-RANGING NANCY MA'S NIGHT MONKEYS (AOTUS NANCYMAAE) ALONG THE AMAZONIAN TRI-BORDER REGION"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Vilchez-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Patricia","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Neotropical Primate Conservation Peru, Moyobamba, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Entropika, Calle 18 # 7B - 23, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Entropika, Calle 18 # 7B - 23, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Inga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Entropika, Calle 18 # 7B - 23, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Escobar-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres 15102, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiomara","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres 15102, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Talledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres 15102, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Falconi-Agapito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres 15102, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Patel, O Landt, M Kaiser, et al.  \"Virol J.\"  10, \"Development of one-step quantitative reverse transcription PCR for the rapid detection of flaviviruses.\" 58 (2013)","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-58"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ES Andrews, GB Schoeler, AS Gozalo, et al.  \"J Med Entomol.\"  51, \"Species diversity, seasonal, and spatial distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) captured in Aotus monkey-baited traps in a forested site near Iquitos, Peru.\" 1127 (2014)","DOI":"10.1603\/ME14058"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Aquino  and F Encarnaci\u00f3n  \"Am J Primatol.\"  11, \"Characteristics and use of sleeping sites in Aotus (Cebidae Primates) in the Amazon lowlands of Peru.\" 319 (1986)","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350110403"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"\"Amazon regional observatory: Brazil \u2013 Colombia \u2013 Peru border.\"  \"Proyecto plan de contingencia en salud para pueblos ind\u00edgenas altamente vulnerables y en contacto inicial. [Health contingency plan for highly vulnerable indigenous peoples and those in initial contact].\" (2024)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AJ Auguste, RM Langsjoen, DL Porier, et al.  \"Virology.\"  562, \"Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems.\" 50 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.07.004"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Baker, AS Mahmud, IF Miller, et al.  \"Nat Rev Microbiol.\"  20, \"Infectious disease in an era of global change.\" 193 (2022)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ARM Barbieri, MPJ Szab\u00f3, FB Costa, et al.  \"Ticks Tick Borne Dis.\"  10, \"Species richness and seasonal dynamics of ticks with notes on rickettsial infection in a natural park of the Cerrado biome in Brazil.\" 442 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.12.010"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KR Blasdell, JW Wynne, D Perera, et al.  \"Access Microbiol.\"  3, \"First detection of a novel \u201cunknown host\u201d flavivirus in a Malaysian rodent.\" 000223 (2021)","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000223"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Clancy, B Crowley, H Niesters, et al.  \"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.\"  27, \"The development of a qualitative real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of hepatitis C virus.\" 1177 (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0556-9"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MD Daniel, LV Melendez, NW King, et al.  \"Am J Phys Anthropol.\"  38, \"Isolation and characterization of a new virus from owl monkeys: Herpesvirus aotus type 3.\" 497 (1973)","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380254"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FES de Ara\u00fajo, TF Martins, CCM Ramos, et al.  \"Parasites Vectors.\"  16, \"Seasonal dynamics of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) sensu stricto in a degraded area of the Amazon biome, with notes on Rickettsia amblyommatis infection.\" 391 (2023)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05978-9"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G de Oliveira Ribeiro, AC da Costa, DE Gill, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  11, \"Guapia\u00e7u virus, a new insect-specific flavivirus isolated from two species of Aedes mosquitoes from Brazil.\" 4674 (2021)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83879-6"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B de Thoisy, J-F Pouliquen, V Lacoste, et al.  \"J Virol.\"  77, \"Novel gamma-1 herpesviruses identified in free-ranging New World monkeys (Golden-handed tamarin [Saguinus midas], squirrel monkey [Saimiri sciureus], and white-faced saki [Pithecia pithecia]) in French Guiana.\" 9099 (2003)","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.9099-9105.2003"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Ebeling, G Keil, B Nowak, et al.  \"J Virol.\"  45, \"Genome structure and virion polypeptides of the primate herpesviruses Herpesvirus aotus types 1 and 3: Comparison with human cytomegalovirus.\" 715 (1983)","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.45.2.715-726.1983"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Goenaga, JL Kenney, NK Duggal, et al.  \"Viruses.\"  7, \"Potential for co-infection of a mosquito-specific flavivirus, nhumirim virus, to block West Nile virus transmission in mosquitoes.\" 5801 (2015)","DOI":"10.3390\/v7112911"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"AS Gozalo, EJ Montoya, RE Weller,  \"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.\"  47, \"Dyscoria associated with herpesvirus infection in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae).\" 68 (2008)"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"B Grahn  and R Peiffer  \"Veterinary ophthalmology.\"  \"Veterinary ophthalmic pathology.\" 435 (2013)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S James, D Donato, J-F Pouliquen, et al.  \"J Virol.\"  92, \"DNA polymerase sequences of New World monkey cytomegaloviruses: Another molecular marker with which to infer Platyrrhini systematics.\" e00980 (2018)","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00980-18"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Klein, E Zimmermann, U Radespiel, et al.  \"Parasit Vectors.\"  11, \"Ectoparasite communities of small-bodied Malagasy primates: seasonal and socioecological influences on tick, mite and lice infestation of Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis in northwestern Madagascar.\" 459 (2018)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3034-y"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"A Maldonado, D Guzm\u00e0n-Caro, S Shanee, et al.  \"Aotus nancymaae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T41540A115578713.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c1M Maldonado  and T Lafon  \"Environmental crime in Latin America: The theft of nature and the poisoning of the land.\"  \"Biomedical research vs. biodiversity conservation in the Colombian-Peruvian Amazon: Searching for law enforcement where there is lack of accountability.\" 261 (2017)","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-55705-6_12"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Maldonado, V Nijman, SK Bearder,  \"Endang Species Res.\"  9, \"Trade in night monkeys Aotus spp. in the Brazil\u2013Colombia\u2013Peru tri-border area: International wildlife trade regulations are ineffectively enforced.\" 143 (2009)","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00209"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Maldonado  and MR Peck  \"Am J Primatol.\"  76, \"Research and in situ conservation of owl monkeys enhances environmental law enforcement at the Colombian-Peruvian border.\" 658 (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22260"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Maldonado, ID Soto-Calder\u00f3n, A Hinek, et al.  \"Owl monkeys: biology, adaptive radiation, and behavioral ecology of the only nocturnal primate in the Americas.\"  \"Conservation status of the Nancy Ma's owl monkey (Aotus nancymaae, Hershkovitz, 1983) on the Colombian-Peruvian Amazon border.\" 623 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13555-2_21"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Marqu\u00e8s Gomila, F Kiene, A Klein, et al.  \"Am J Primatol.\"  85, \"Host-related and environmental factors influence long-term ectoparasite infestation dynamics of mouse lemurs in northwestern Madagascar.\" e23494 (2023)","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23494"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"LV Melendez, C Espa\u00f1a, RD Hunt, et al.  \"Lab Anim Care.\"  19, \"Natural herpes simplex infection in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).\" 38 (1969)"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"GR Mullen  and LA Durden  \"Medical and veterinary entomology.\"  769 (2018)"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Obald\u00eda, M Nu\u00f1ez, S Montilla, et al.  \"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect.\"  58, \"Tuberculosis (TB) outbreak in a closed Aotus monkey breeding colony: Epidemiology, diagnosis and TB screening using antibody and interferon-gamma release testing.\" 1 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.06.007"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Orba, K Matsuno, R Nakao, et al.  \"J Gen Virol.\"  102, \"Diverse mosquito-specific flaviviruses in the Bolivian Amazon basin.\" 001518 (2021)","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001518"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Pauvolid-Corr\u00eaa, O Solberg, D Couto-Lima, et al.  \"Arch Virol.\"  160, \"Nhumirim virus, a novel flavivirus isolated from mosquitoes from the Pantanal, Brazil.\" 21 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2219-8"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Rond\u00f3n, S Cavallero, A Link, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  59, \"Cuterebra baeri infecting grey-legged night monkeys (Aotus griseimembra) and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia.\" 181 (2023)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00062"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SM. Thomasy,  \"Wild and exotic animal ophthalmology: Volume 2.\"  \"Ophthalmology of primatomorpha: lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and relatives.\" 483 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81273-7_22"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"A Webb  and C Cullen  \"Veterinary ophthalmology.\"  \"Neuro-ophthalmology.\" 1820 (2013)"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Yang, Z Liu, B Zeng, et al.  \"Cancer Lett.\"  495, \"Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated gastric cancer: A distinct subtype.\" 191 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.09.019"},{"key":"43","unstructured":"K. Yoshida,  \"Introduction to tableone.\"  (2020)"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Zhang, D Liang, F Yuan, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\"  119, \"Replication is the key barrier during the dual-host adaptation of mosquito-borne flaviviruses.\" e2110491119 (2022)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110491119"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Milton,  \"J Zool.\"  239, \"Effects of bot fly (Alouattamyia baeri) parasitism on a free-ranging howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) population in Panama.\" 39 (1996)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05435.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DR VanDevanter, P Warrener, L Bennett, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  34, \"Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR.\" 1666 (1996)","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Posada,  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  25, \"jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging.\" 1253 (2008)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn083"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S Kumar, G Stecher, M Li, et al.  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  35, \"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms.\" 1547 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H Romo, JL Kenney, BJ Blitvich, et al.  \"Emerg Microbes Infect.\"  7, \"Restriction of Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti mediated by an insect-specific flavivirus.\" 181 (2018)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0180-4"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JH. Guimar\u00e3es,  \"Pap Avulsos Zool.\"  25, \"Notes on the hosts of Neotropical Cuterebrini (Diptera, Cuterebridae), with new records from Brazil.\" 89 (1971)","DOI":"10.11606\/0031-1049.1971.25.p89-94"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Roncancio, MA Santa, LM Calder\u00f3n, et al.  \"Neotrop Primates.\"  24, \"Differences in the prevalence of cutaneous myiasis between Aotus vociferans and Aotus nancymaae in the Colombian Amazon.\" 86 (2018)","DOI":"10.62015\/np.2018.v24.105"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JL Kenney, OD Solberg, SA Langevin, et al.  \"J Gen Virol.\"  95, \"Characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from Brazil: potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses.\" 2796 (2014)","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068031-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:19:09Z","timestamp":1791235149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-1\/JWD-D-25-00040\/HEALTH-STATUS-AND-PATHOGEN-SURVEILLANCE-IN-FREE-RANGING-NANCY-MAS\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00040.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]}}}