{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:21:58Z","timestamp":1792174918041,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) were reintroduced to Scotland, UK, after more than two centuries of extinction. Giardia spp. are important protozoal parasites causing waterborne gastroenteritis in humans, with the zoonosis known as \u201cbeaver fever\u201d in North America, raising public health concerns in Scotland. Using a rapid enzyme immunochromatographic assay (SNAP Giardia, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc) for soluble Giardia antigen, we tested 274 live wild beavers trapped for translocation (2019\u201325) and 26 wild beavers found dead. Prevalence was 1.83% (n=5\/274) in live beavers (95% confidence interval, 0.6\u20134.21), with no clinical illness observed. Beavers that were positive for Giardia antigen on testing were treated and retested as negative before translocation. Prevalence was highest in kits at 3.7% (n=3\/81) and lowest in adults at 0.71% (n=1\/140), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. One dead adult female tested positive, with no evidence of disease and death was attributed to sepsis from bite wounds. Wild Eurasian beavers in Scotland currently do not appear to pose a notable Giardia infection risk to humans or animals, especially compared with the higher prevalence in local domestic animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:55:07Z","timestamp":1776664507000},"page":"471-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["No Need for Raised Temperatures Over \u201cBeaver Fever\u201d: Low Prevalence of Giardia in Wild Scottish Beavers (Castor Fiber)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Romain","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaver Trust, 61 Bridge Street, Kington, HR5 3DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Howie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRUC Veterinary Services, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Arah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaver Trust, 61 Bridge Street, Kington, HR5 3DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheelagh","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaver Trust, 61 Bridge Street, Kington, HR5 3DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaver Trust, 61 Bridge Street, Kington, HR5 3DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veselina","family":"Alvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Five Sisters Zoo, Gavieside, West Calder, EH55 8PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Five Sisters Zoo, Gavieside, West Calder, EH55 8PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00f3is\u00edn","family":"Campbell-Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaver Trust, 61 Bridge Street, Kington, HR5 3DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"A Bajer, M Bednarska, A Paziewska, et al.  \"Wiad Parazytol.\"  54, \"Semi-aquatic animals as a source of water contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia.] Zwierzeta ziemnowodne jako'zr\u00f3d\u0142o zanieczyszczenia wody Cryptosporidium i Giardia.\" 315 (2008)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Bartley, BK Roehe, S Thomson, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  146, \"Detection of potentially human infectious assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from beef and dairy cattle in Scotland.\" 1123 (2019)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001117"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Bystrianska, I Papajov\u00e1, \u0160miga 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Statutory Instrument 2022 No. 858.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Fayer, M Sant\u00edn, JM Trout, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  37, \"Prevalence of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. in beavers (Castor canadensis) in Massachusetts.\" 492 (2006)","DOI":"10.1638\/06-013.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Goodman, S Girling, R Pizzi, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  48, \"Establishment of a health surveillance program for reintroduction of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) into Scotland.\" 971 (2012)","DOI":"10.7589\/2011-06-153"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:03:00Z","timestamp":1791234180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-2\/JWD-D-25-00115\/No-Need-for-Raised-Temperatures-Over-Beaver-Fever--Low\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00115.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00115","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}}}