{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:53:48Z","timestamp":1791237228532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycoplasma bovis is a growing threat to American bison (Bison bison) health and restoration efforts, causing significant mortality and disease in affected bison herds. Despite this, little is known about the epidemiology or clinical course of M. bovis infection in bison. In this study, we present continued observations from a cohort of naturally infected American bison, in which maintenance of subclinical M. bovis infections was previously reported. Most (8\/11) surviving previously infected animals mounted a detectable immunoglobulin G (IgG) response that waned within 6\u201324 mo. Two bison mounted and maintained robust IgG antibody responses throughout the study period; one of these also remained quantitative PCR and culture positive throughout the study. One animal failed to mount a detectable IgG response despite becoming infected with M. bovis during the study. Also, na\u00efve animals (n=4) were added to the environment where positive animals were previously kept, shared a water tank with known positive animals, and were finally added to the cohort and sampled at 3-mo intervals for a 2-yr follow-up period. The four na\u00efve animals, and a calf born to one of them, remained M. bovis negative despite commingling with known positive animals in the cohort. We discuss limitations of current antemortem test approaches and the need for more accurate testing to support healthy bison restoration and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:55:24Z","timestamp":1776664524000},"page":"464-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maintenance of Subclinical Mycoplasma bovis Infections in American Bison (Bison bison) in the Absence of Detectable Transmission"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Danielle E.","family":"Buttke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan S.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Fish and Wildlife Service, Natural Resource Program Center, Wildlife Health, 10 East Babcock, Room 105, Bozeman, Montana 59715, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine B.","family":"Krus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen","family":"Feltner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MK Biddle, LK Fox, DD Hancock,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  223, \"Patterns of mycoplasma shedding in the milk of dairy cows with intramammary mycoplasma infection.\" 1163 (2003)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1163"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Burki, J Frey, P Pilo,  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  179, \"Virulence, persistence and dissemination of Mycoplasma bovis.\" 15 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.024"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Buttke, K Schwarz, E Schwalbe, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  61, \"Mycoplasma bovis outbreak and maintenance of subclinical infections in an exposed cohort of juvenile American bison (Bison bison).\" 563 (2025)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00117"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Calcutt, I Lysnyansky, K Sachse, et al.  \"Trans-bound Emerg Dis.\"  65, \"Gap analysis of Mycoplasma bovis disease, diagnosis, and control: An aid to identify future development requirements.\" 91 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12860"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MS Hazelton, PA Sheehy, KL Bosward, et al.  \"J Dairy Sci.\"  101, \"Short communication: Shedding of Mycoplasma bovis and antibody responses in cows recently diagnosed with clinical infection.\" 584 (2018)","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13512"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DR Herndon, PC Grossman, JK Hwang, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  20, \"Upper respiratory tract detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae employing nasopharyngeal swabs.\" 502 (2024)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04342-y"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LC Jones, JG Powers, SJ Sweeney,  \"Natural Resource Report NPS\/NRSS\/BRD\/NRR\u20142020\/2201.\"  \"Department of the Interior: History and status of bison health.\" 27 (2020)","DOI":"10.36967\/nrr-2280100"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CB Krus, JR Brennan, JM Martin, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  61, \"Multistakeholder advances on a definition of bison health (Bison bison).\" 927 (2025)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00209"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CB Krus, M Nehring, BS Kaplan, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  \"Evaluation of a P48 ELSA for Mycoplasma bovis in North American bison (Bison bison): Inferior performance compared to a commercially available ELISA.\" (2026)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05210-z"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RK Plowright, DJ Becker, H McCallum, et al.  \"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.\"  374, \"Sampling to elucidate the dynamics of infections in reservoir hosts.\" 20180336 (2019)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0336"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Punyapornwithaya, LK Fox, DD Hancock, et al.  \"Prev Vet Med.\"  93, \"Association between an outbreak strain causing Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and its asymptomatic carriage in the herd: A case study from Idaho, USA.\" 66 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.08.008"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Askar, S Chen, H Hao, et al.  \"Pathogens.\"  10, \"Immune evasion of Mycoplasma bovis.\" 297 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030297"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BS Kaplan, JL Malmberg, KS Sondgeroth, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  60, \"Serum IgG immunoglobulin levels are associated with reduced PCR detection of Mycoplasma bovis in naturally infected American bison (Bison bison).\" 594 (2024)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00151"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Schwartz, E Schwalbe, D Buttke, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  60, \"Evaluating two sampling methods for Mycoplasma bovis diagnosis in American bison (Bison bison).\" 584 (2024)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00143"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Bras, HW Barkema, M Woodbury, et al.  \"Prev Vet Med.\"  129, \"Risk factors for Mycoplasma bovis-associated disease in farmed bison (Bison bison) herds in western Canada: A case-control study.\" 67 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.05.011"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Dyer, L Hansen-Lardy, D Krogh, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  20, \"An outbreak of chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome caused by Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot bison (Bison bison).\" 369 (2008)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000321"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Dyer, KB Register, D Miskimins, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  25, \"Necrotic pharyngitis associated with Mycoplasma bovis infections in American bison (Bison bison).\" 301 (2013)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713478815"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KS Janardhan, M Hays, N Dyer, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  22, \"Mycoplasma bovis outbreak in a herd of North American bison (Bison bison).\" 797 (2010)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200528"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FP Maunsell, AR Woolums, D Francoz, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  25, \"Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle.\" 772 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0750.x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KB Register, LC Jones, WD Boatwright, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  57, \"Prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in the respiratory tract of healthy North American Bison (Bison bison) and comparison with serum antibody status.\" 683 (2021)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00198"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KB Register, SC Olsen, RE Sacco, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  222, \"Relative virulence in bison and cattle of bison-associated genotypes of Mycoplasma bovis.\" 55 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.06.020"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KB Register, MR Woodbury, JL Davies, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  25, \"Systemic mycoplasmosis with dystocia and abortion in a North American bison (Bison bison) herd.\" 541 (2013)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713495029"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:02:47Z","timestamp":1791234167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-2\/JWD-D-25-00117\/Maintenance-of-Subclinical-Mycoplasma-bovis-Infections-in-American-Bison-Bison\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00117.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}}}