{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:53:55Z","timestamp":1791237235578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of health and disease on wildlife population dynamics and individual survival is complex and poorly understood, especially in cryptic species such as chelonians. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) are declining due to anthropogenic and natural factors, including disease, though the relative importance of these factors for individual survival is unknown. Determining survival rates in free-ranging chelonians is challenging because individuals are difficult to locate and recapture, deceased turtles can be quickly scavenged, and turtles can die underground during a brumation period. The purpose of this study was to estimate the apparent survival rate for wild eastern box turtles detected with common box turtle pathogens, including Terrapene herpesvirus 1, Terrapene adenovirus, and box turtle Mycoplasmopsis sp., using Cormack-Jolly-Seber models. We used mark-recapture data from 778 individuals from five box turtle populations collected over 7 yr (2016\u201322), paired with concurrently collected demographic and quantitative PCR pathogen detection data. Apparent survival estimates were different among the five sites, ranging from 71% to 88%, but similar between sexes. We found that pathogens modeled as a function of survival had a positive effect; turtles detected with a pathogen were two to six times more likely to survive than those without detected pathogens. However, this may be an artifact of high, unbiased pathogen prevalence paired with a relatively low probability of pathogen detection via intermittent testing. This analysis provides important estimates of apparent survival for the declining eastern box turtle and valuable information on the interaction between pathogen detection and estimates of individual survival, which can be used to better understand the drivers of population persistence in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:55:50Z","timestamp":1776664550000},"page":"339-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ESTIMATING SURVIVAL OF EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA) WITH MYCOPLASMOPSIS SP., ADENOVIRUS, AND HERPESVIRUS DETECTION IN ILLINOIS, USA"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Maris J.","family":"Daleo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk W.","family":"Stodola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Adamovicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Allender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"38","unstructured":"CB Stanford, JB Iverson, AGJ Rhodin, et al.  \"Curr Biol.\"  30, \"Turtles and tortoises are in trouble.\" R721 (2020)"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"IL Brisbin, RA Kennamer, EL Peters, et al.  \"Urban herpetology.\"  \"A long-term study of eastern box turtles (Terrapene c. carolina) in a suburban neighborhood: Survival characteristics and interactions with humans and con-specifics.\" 367 (2008)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FR. 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TM Norton, E Bronson, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  175, \"Identification of a novel herpesvirus in captive Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina).\" 218 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.11.029"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GA Archer, CA Phillips, L Adamovicz, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  48, \"Detection of copathogens in free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Illinois and Tennessee.\" 1127 (2017)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0148R.1"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Kolesnik, A Obiegala, RE Marschang,  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  29, \"Detection of Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, topiviruses, and ferlaviruses in samples from chelonians in Europe.\" 820 (2017)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717722387"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Hurvich  and C-L Tsai  \"Biometrika.\"  76, \"Regression and time series model selection in small samples.\" 297 (1989)","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Rivera, JFX Wellehan, R McManamon, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  21, \"Systemic adenovirus infection in Sulawesi tortoises (Indotestudo forsteni) caused by a novel siadenovirus.\" 415 (2009)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100402"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Franzen-Klein, L Adamovicz, D McRuer, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Prevalence of box turtle adenovirus in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) presented to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Virginia, USA.\" 769 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0238"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AC Aplasca, V Titus, RJ Ossiboff, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  55, \"Health assessment of free-ranging chelonians in an urban section of the Bronx river, New York, USA.\" 352 (2019)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-12-304"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AJ Johnson, AP Pessier, JFX Wellehan, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  44, \"Ranavirus infection of free-ranging and captive box turtles and tortoises in the United States.\" 851 (2008)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.4.851"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M K\u00e9ry  and M Schaub  \"Bayesian population analysis using WinBUGS.\"  \"Estimation of survival from capture\u2013recapture data using the Cormack\u2013Jolly\u2013Seber Model.\" 171 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387020-9.00007-9"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SD Farnsworth  and RA Seigel  \"Transp Res Rec.\"  2362, \"Responses, movements, and survival of relocated box turtles during construction of the Intercounty Connector highway in Maryland.\" 1 (2013)","DOI":"10.3141\/2362-01"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Marschang, E Salzmann, M Pees,  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  24, \"Diagnostics of infectious respiratory pathogens in reptiles.\" 369 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2021.01.007"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Rayl, L Adamovicz, AW Stern, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  56, \"Mortality investigation of monitored eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Central Illinois, USA, from 2016\u201318.\" 306 (2020)","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-01-016"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GM. Jolly,  \"Biometrika.\"  52, \"Explicit estimates from capture-recapture data with both death and immigration-stochastic model.\" 225 (1965)","DOI":"10.2307\/2333826"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:02:54Z","timestamp":1791234174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-2\/JWD-D-25-00122\/ESTIMATING-SURVIVAL-OF-EASTERN-BOX-TURTLES-TERRAPENE-CAROLINA-CAROLINA-WITH\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00122.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}}}