{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:01:33Z","timestamp":1791234093547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A retrospective case study evaluated the effectiveness of butorphanol (27.3 mg\/mL), azaperone (9.1 mg\/mL), and medetomidine (10.9 mg\/mL; BAM) in captive pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) during 2021\u201324. Immobilizations were inconsistent, with documented cases of spontaneous arousal (e.g., head movement, walking, running). Use of BAM in pronghorn should be considered with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T08:58:12Z","timestamp":1783069092000},"page":"742-745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) Chemical Immobilization in a Captive Research Facility in Wyoming, USA (2021\u201324)"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brie","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Thorne\/ Williams Wildlife Research Center, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie S.","family":"Bahnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Thorne\/ Williams Wildlife Research Center, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1212 S Adams Street, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peach","family":"Van Wick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Thorne\/ Williams Wildlife Research Center, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Ambros, B Hech, J Pelchat,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  55, \"Evaluation of etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam-azaperone for immobilization in captive pronghorn (Antilocapra americana).\" 878 (2024)","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0026"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SC Amstrup  and TB Segerstrom  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  45, \"Immobilizing free-ranging pronghorns with powdered succinylcholine chloride.\" 741 (1981)","DOI":"10.2307\/3808711"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DM Beale  and AD Smith  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  1, \"Immobilization of pronghorn antelopes with succinylcholine chloride.\" 840 (1967)","DOI":"10.2307\/3797995"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Hashem, P Van Wick, SE Allen,  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  88, \"Nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone use in free-ranging American black bears and mountain lions in Wyoming.\" e22658 (2024)","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22658"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"TF Kreeger, JM Arnemo, NA Caulkett, et al.  \"Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization.\"  497 (2023)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ Kreeger, WE Cook, CA Piche, et al.  \"J Wildl Manage.\"  65, \"Anesthesia of pronghorns using thiafentanil or thiafentanil plus xylazine.\" 25 (2001)","DOI":"10.2307\/3803272"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MEF LaCava, RB Gagne, SM Love Stowell, et al.  \"J Mammal.\"  101, \"Pronghorn population genomics show connectivity in the core of their range.\" 1061 (2020)","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyaa054"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KR Mama, S Uhrig, DS Miller, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Evaluation of two short-term anesthesia protocols in captive juvenile pronghorn (Antilocapra americana).\" 803 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0054.1"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"BW. O'Gara,  \"Wildl Soc Bull.\"  15, \"A preliminary evaluation of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride for immobilizing pronghorns.\" 549 (1987)"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Siegal-Willott, SB Citino, S Wade, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine anesthesia in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using radio transmitter darts.\" 468 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.468"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FM Pusateri, CP Hibler, TM Pojar,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  18, \"Oral administration of diazepam and promazine hydrochloride to immobilize pronghorn.\" 9 (1982)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-18.1.9"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TN Storms, J Schumacher, N Zagaya, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  41, \"Determination and evaluation of an optimal dosage of carfentanil and xylazine for the immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).\" 559 (2005)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.3.559"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BF Miller, DA Osborn, WR Lance, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for immobilization of captive white-tailed deer.\" 457 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.457"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Mich, LL Wolfe, TM Sirochman, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus.\" 480 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0150.1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, MC Fisher, TR Davis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) to immobilize Rocky Mountain elk.\" 676 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-026"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Hansen  and KB Beckmen  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for the immobilization of captive caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska, USA.\" 650 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-12-312"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SS Young  and PM Taylor  \"Equine Vet J.\"  25, \"Factors influencing the outcome of equine anaesthesia: A review of 1,314 cases.\" 147 (1993)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02926.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:43:09Z","timestamp":1791232989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-3\/JWD-D-25-00205\/Evaluation-of-Pronghorn-Antilocapra-americana-Chemical-Immobilization-in-a-Captive\/10.7589\/JWD-D-25-00205.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-25-00205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}