{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:01:31Z","timestamp":1791234091934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Plague is a zoonotic disease of mammals caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Because plague is primarily transmitted by fleas (Siphonaptera), rates of plague transmission are expected to increase with flea abundance. Edaphic factors can influence the abundance and dispersion of fleas, suggesting that soils may play important roles in plague ecology. From June to August 2010\u201312, in northern New Mexico, USA, we investigated the effects of soil texture, soil moisture, and soil water-holding capacity on the abundance of adult fleas parasitizing colonial, burrowing black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus, BTPDs). We sampled BTPDs 1,741 times on 20 sampling plots distributed among 13 BTPD colonies, detecting 9,541 adult fleas on BTPDs. Fleas were most abundant on BTPDs in areas with coarse surface soils, and in areas with moderately textured subsurface soils at the average depth of BTPD nest chambers. Coarse surface soils may facilitate water percolation to BTPD nests, where the moisture could generate humid microclimates that benefit desiccation-prone fleas. Moderately textured subsurface soils, of intermediate water-holding capacity, can store water, which may increase burrow humidity. Moreover, moderately textured subsurface soils in BTPD nests may increase survival of flea larvae and pupae, facilitating their development to adulthood. That said, excessive moisture and sodden soils can favor fungi and mites, some of which are lethal to fleas. In our study, fleas were most abundant in areas with subsurface soils of intermediate moisture content. Our findings complement an accumulating number of studies, indicating that edaphic factors play important roles in flea and plague ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-26-00002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T22:12:46Z","timestamp":1783375966000},"page":"558-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EFFECTS OF EDAPHIC FACTORS ON PLAGUE VECTOR FLEAS PARASITIZING BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Eads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Biology Building, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean E.","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Black-Footed Ferret Conservation Center, 19180 North East Frontage Rd., Carr, Colorado 80612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin H.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turner Endangered Species Fund, 901 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil, Water, and Plant Testing Laboratory, Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake St. A320, NESB, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Antolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Biology Building, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MF Antolin, DE Biggins, P Gober,  \"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  10, \"Symposium on the ecology of plague and its effects on wildlife: A model for translational research.\" 3 (2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.2010.pl.intro"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"MF Antolin, P Gober, B Luce, et al.  \"US Fish and Wildlife Publications.\"  57, \"The influence of sylvatic plague on North American wildlife at the landscape level, with special emphasis on black-footed ferret and prairie dog conservation.\" (2002)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Ayyadurai, L Houhamdi, H Lepidi, et al.  \"Microbiology (Reading).\"  154, \"Long-term persistence of virulent Yersinia pestis in soil.\" 2865 (2008)","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/016154-0"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Barbieri, G Texier, C Keller, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  10, \"Soil salinity and aridity specify plague foci in the United States of America.\" 6186 (2020)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63211-4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Ben-Ari, S Neerinckx, KL Gage, et al.  \"PLoS Pathogens.\"  7, \"Plague and climate: Scales matter.\" e1002160 (2011)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002160"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Benavides-Monta\u00f1o  and V Vadyvaloo  \"Appl Environ Microbiol.\"  83, \"Yersinia pestis resists predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and exhibits prolonged intracellular survival.\" e00593 (2017)","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00593-17"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"M Brooks, B Bolker, K Kristensen, et al.  \"Package \u201cglmmTMB.\"  (2025)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HE Brown, CE Levy, RE Enscore, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  11, \"Annual seroprevalence of Yersinia pestis in coyotes as predictors of interannual variation in reports of human plague cases in Arizona, United States.\" 1439 (2011)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0196"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MG Buhnerkempe, RJ Eisen, B Goodell, et al.  \"PLoS ONE.\"  6, \"Transmission shifts underlie variability in population responses to Yersinia pestis infection.\" e22498 (2011)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022498"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CJ Carlson, SN Bevins, BV Schmid,  \"Glob Change Biol.\"  28, \"Plague risk in the western United States over seven decades of environmental change.\" 753 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15966"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CJ Downs, B Pinshow, IS Khokhlova, et al.  \"J Exp Biol.\"  218, \"Flea fitness is reduced by high fractional concentrations of CO2 that simulate levels found in their hosts' burrows.\" 3596 (2015)","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.122812"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LA. Durden,  \"Parasitol Today.\"  3, \"Predator-prey interactions between ectoparasites.\" 306 (1987)","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90188-8"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"DA. Eads,  \"Factors affecting flea densities in prairie dog colonies: Implications for the maintenance and spread of plague.\"  239 (2014)"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, DE Biggins, PF Doherty, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  2, \"Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors: An example with fleas on prairie dogs.\" 246 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.09.002"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, MR Matchett, JE Poje, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  21, \"Comparison of flea sampling methods and Yersinia pestis detection on prairie dog colonies.\" 753 (2021)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0025"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Ebeling  and RE Wagner  \"J Econ Entomol.\"  2, \"Rapid desiccation of dry-wood termites with inert sorptive dusts and other substances.\" 190 (1959)","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/52.2.190"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Eisen, JM Petersen, CL Higgins, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  14, \"Persistence of Yersinia pestis in soil under natural conditions.\" 941 (2008)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.080029"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"J Fox, S Weisberg, B Price, et al.  \"Package \u201ccar.\"  (2025)"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"KL Gage  and MY Kosoy  \"Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges. Proceedings of the symposium on the status of the black-footed ferret and its habitat.\"  \"Recent trends in plague ecology.\" 213 (2006)"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WH. Gardner,  \"Methods of soil analysis, Part I: Physical and mineralogical methods.\"  \"Water content.\" 493 (1986)","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c21"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GW Gee  and JW Bauder  \"Methods of soil analysis, Part I: Physical and mineralogical methods.\"  \"Particle-size analysis.\" 383 (1986)","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RB Hemmes, A Alvarado, BL Hart,  \"Behav Ecol.\"  13, \"Use of California bay foliage by wood rats for possible fumigation of nest-borne ectoparasites.\" 381 (2002)","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/13.3.381"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"JL. Hoogland,  \"The black-tailed prairie dog: Social life of a burrowing mammal.\"  562 (1995)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RT Jones, SM Vetter, KL Gage,  \"Am J Trop Med Hyg.\"  89, \"Exposing laboratory-reared fleas to soil and wild flea feces increases transmission of Yersinia pestis.\" 784 (2013)","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0138"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Kosoy  and D Biggins  \"Int J Environ Res Public Health.\"  19, \"Plague and trace metals in natural systems.\" 9979 (2022)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169979"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MD Le Lagadec, SL Chown, CH Scholtz,  \"J Comp Phys B.\"  168, \"Desiccation resistance and water balance in southern African keratin beetles (Coleoptera, Trogidae): The influence of body size and habitat.\" 112 (1998)","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050127"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"D. Long,  \"Global re-introduction perspectives: 2013, further case-studies from around the globe.\"  \"Restoration of black-tailed prairie dogs to Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico, USA.\" 210 (2013)"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Lowell, MF Antolin, GL Andersen, et al.  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  15, \"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms reveal spatial diversity among clones of Yersinia pestis during plague outbreaks in Colorado and the western United States.\" 291 (2015)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1714"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"D L\u00fcdecke, F Aust, S Crawley, et al.  \"Package \u201cggeffects.\"  (2025)"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Malek, I Bitam, A Levasseur, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  7, \"Yersinia pestis halotolerance illuminates plague reservoirs.\" 40022 (2017)","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40022"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DW Markman, MF Antolin, RA Bowen, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  24, \"Yersinia pestis survival and replication in potential ameba reservoir.\" 294 (2018)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171065"},{"key":"48","unstructured":"LC. Munn,  \"Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret.\"  \"Effects of prairie dogs on physical and chemical properties of soils.\" 11 (1993)"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CD Pauling, DL Finke, DM Anderson,  \"Integr Zool.\"  16, \"Interrelationship of soil moisture and temperature to sylvatic plague cycle among prairie dogs in the Western United States.\" 852 (2021)","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12567"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ER. Pianka,  \"American Nat.\"  104, \"On r-and K-selection.\" 592 (1970)","DOI":"10.1086\/282697"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"WJ Rawls, LR Arhuja, DL Brakenseik, et al.  \"Handbook of hydrology.\"  \"Infiltration and soil water movement.\" 5.1 (1993)"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"EV. Rothschild,  \"Usp Sovrem Biol (Moscow).\"  121, \"Relationship between infectious diseases and concentration of trace metals in the environment and periodic law.\" 251 (2001)"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Russell, DW Tripp, TE Rocke,  \"Ecol Evol.\"  9, \"Differential plague susceptibility in species and populations of prairie dogs.\" 11962 (2019)","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5684"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OE Sala, WK Lauenroth, WJ Parton,  \"Ecology.\"  73, \"Long-term soil water dynamics in the shortgrass steppe.\" 1175 (1992)","DOI":"10.2307\/1940667"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Salkeld  and P Stapp  \"J Parasitol.\"  94, \"Prevalence and abundance of fleas in black-tailed prairie dog burrows: implications for the transmission of plague (Yersinia pestis).\" 616 (2008)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1368R.1"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RG Sheets, RL Linder, RB Dalhgren,  \"J Mammal.\"  52, \"Burrow systems of prairie dogs in South Dakota.\" 451 (1971)","DOI":"10.2307\/1378691"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Silverman  and MK Rust  \"Environ Entomol.\"  12, \"Some abiotic factors affecting the survival of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).\" 490 (1983)","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/12.2.490"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JS Singh, DG Milchunas, WK Lauenroth,  \"Plant Ecol.\"  134, \"Soil water dynamics and vegetation patterns in a semiarid grassland.\" 77 (1998)","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009769620488"},{"key":"62","unstructured":"\"Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database for Colfax County, New Mexico.\"  (2014)"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HE. Stark,  \"J Med Entomol.\"  39, \"Population dynamics of adult fleas (Siphonaptera) on hosts and in nests of the California vole.\" 818 (2002)","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.6.818"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DW Tripp, KL Gage, JA Montenieri, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  9, \"Flea abundance on black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) increases during plague epizootics.\" 313 (2009)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0194"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NC Weidig, AL Miller, AT Parker,  \"PLoS ONE.\"  17, \"The Goldilocks principle: Finding the balance between water volume and nutrients for ovipositing Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).\" e0277237 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277237"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VB. Wigglesworth,  \"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.\"  118, \"The regulation of respiration in the flea Xenopsylla cheopis, Roths. (Pulicidae).\" 397 (1935)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1935.0063"},{"key":"67","unstructured":"MJ. Wilcomb,  \"A study of prairie dog burrow systems and the ecology of their arthropod inhabitants in central Oklahoma.\"  158 (1954)"},{"key":"68","unstructured":"J Wimsatt  and DE Biggins  \"J Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  46, \"A review of plague persistence with special emphasis on fleas.\" 85 (2009)"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Wimsatt, DA Eads, MR Matchett, et al.  \"Ecosphere.\"  14, \"Alternative lifestyles: A plague persistence hypothesis.\" e4673 (2023)","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4673"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Zhao, S Li, Y Sun, et al.  \"Frontiers Microbiol.\"  15, \"Different characteristics of the soil in marmot habitats might be one of the factors influcting Yersinia pestis prevalent in which than pikas [sic].\" 1489125 (2024)","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1489125"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\"  (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74686-7"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins  and DA Eads  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  6, \"Prairie dogs, persistent plague, flocking fleas, and pernicious positive feedback.\" 75 (2019)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00075"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins  and MY Kosoy  \"J Mammal.\"  82, \"Influences of introduced plague on North American mammals: Implications from ecology of plague in Asia.\" 906 (2001)","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0906:IOIPON>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and DE Biggins  \"Conserv Biol.\"  29, \"Plague bacterium as a transformer species in prairie dogs and the grasslands of western North America.\" 1086 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12498"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, DE Biggins, MF Antolin, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  51, \"Prevalence of the generalist flea Pulex simulans on black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in New Mexico, USA: The importance of considering imperfect detection.\" 498 (2015)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-07-178"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, DE Biggins, DH Long, et al.  \"J Mammal.\"  97, \"Droughts may increase susceptibility of prairie dogs to fleas: Incongruity with hypothesized mechanisms of plague cycles in rodents.\" 1044 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw035"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and JL Hoogland  \"Ecosphere.\"  7, \"Factors that affect parasitism of black-tailed prairie dogs by fleas.\" e01372 (2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1372"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads  and JL Hoogland  \"J Parasitol.\"  103, \"Precipitation, climate change, and parasitism of prairie dogs by fleas that transmit plague.\" 309 (2017)","DOI":"10.1645\/16-195"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Eisen, L Eisen, KL Gage,  \"J Med Entomol.\"  46, \"Studies of vector competency and efficiency of North American fleas for Yersinia pestis: State of the field and future research needs.\" 737 (2009)","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0403"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Matchett, DE Biggins, V Carlson, et al.  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  10, \"Enzootic plague reduces black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) survival in Montana.\" 27 (2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0053"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DJ Salkeld, P Stapp, DW Tripp, et al.  \"BioScience.\"  66, \"Ecological traits driving the outbreaks and emergence of zoonotic pathogens.\" 118 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv179"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LT Savage, RM Reich, LM Hartley, et al.  \"Ecol Appl.\"  21, \"Climate, soils, and connectivity predict plague epizootics in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus).\" 2933 (2011)","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1946.1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AO Bush, KD Lafferty, JM Lotz, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  83, \"Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited.\" 575 (1997)","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JC Burtis, JB Yavitt, TJ Fahey, et al.  \"J Med Entomol.\"  56, \"Ticks as soil-dwelling arthropods: an intersection between disease and soil ecology.\" 1555 (2019)","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz116"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EA Lorange, BL Race, F Sebbane, et al.  \"J Infect Dis.\"  191, \"Poor vector competence of fleas and the evolution of hypervirulence in Yersinia pestis.\" 1907 (2005)","DOI":"10.1086\/429931"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"KP Burnham  and DR Anderson  \"Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach.\"  488 (2002)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Biggins, JL Godbey, KL Gage, et al.  \"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  10, \"Vector control improves survival of three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys) in areas considered enzootic for plague.\" 17 (2010)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Eads, DE Biggins, J Wimsatt, et al.  \"Curr Trop Med Rep.\"  9, \"Exploring and mitigating plague for One Health purposes.\" 169 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-022-00265-6"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BR. Krasnov,  \"Functional and evolutionary ecology of fleas: A model for ecological parasitology.\"  (2008)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542688"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1791232997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-wildlife-diseases\/volume-62\/issue-3\/JWD-D-26-00002\/EFFECTS-OF-EDAPHIC-FACTORS-ON-PLAGUE-VECTOR-FLEAS-PARASITIZING-BLACK\/10.7589\/JWD-D-26-00002.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/jwd-d-26-00002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3558","1943-3700"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3700","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}