{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:01:17Z","timestamp":1791234077213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Wildlife Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The release of rehabilitated wildlife can introduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) into wild ecosystems. We examined AMR in Escherichia coli isolated from 44 Bolivian red howler monkeys (Alouatta sara) at a rescue center in Madre de Dios, Peru. Fecal samples were collected noninvasively and processed for E. coli isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 12 antibiotics was performed and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was phenotypically confirmed. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index were calculated. We isolated E. coli from 43\/44 sampled monkeys (98%). Only 1\/85 (1%) E. coli isolates was an ESBL producer, and this isolate exhibited MDR to eight antibiotics across five classes. Non-ESBL isolates (n=84) showed the highest resistance to tetracycline (13%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (10%), and chloramphenicol (5%). Five isolates (6%) were MDR, and seven (8%) had a MAR index \u22650.2. Although ESBL prevalence was low, the presence of MDR and critical AMR profiles emphasizes the importance of surveillance, following the One Health approach, in primate rehabilitation programs to help prevent potential AMR spread during wildlife release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7589\/jwd-d-26-00005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:00:24Z","timestamp":1783069224000},"page":"715-720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Escherichia coli Carrying Antimicrobial Resistance in Rehabilitating Bolivian Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta sara): A Pre-Release Risk in the Peruvian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.7589","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Danae S.","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres, Lima 15102, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy V.","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres, Lima 15102, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4415","reference":[{"key":"14","unstructured":"RM Jakob-Hoff, SC MacDiarmid, C Lees, et al.  \"Manual of procedures for wildlife disease risk analysis.\"  160 (2014)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Bager, I Kakaala, E Kudirkiene, et al.  \"J Wild Dis.\"  52, \"Genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\u2013producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from wild and sanctuary locations in Uganda.\" 269 (2022)","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00068"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Bazalar-Gonzales, T Silvestre-Espejo, C Rodr\u00edguez Cueva, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  10, \"Genomic insights into ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from non-human primates in the Peruvian Amazon.\" 1340428 (2024)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1340428"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Beck, K Walkup, M Rodrigues, et al.  \"Best practice guidelines for the re-introduction of great apes. 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Dolejska,  \"Antibiotic resistance in the environment: A worldwide overview.\"  \"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wildlife.\" 19 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2020_467"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KV Gilardi, A D\u00fcx, TR Gillespie, et al.  \"An update on great ape population health, disease control and outbreak response: Supplement to the best practice guidelines for health monitoring and disease control in great ape populations\" 31 (2025)","DOI":"10.2305\/JEPK4717"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K H\u00f6cketstaller, IA Marti, C Bank, et al.  \"Environ Res.\"  281, \"Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife: Associations with environmental factors and taxonomic variation.\" 121968 (2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121968"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Jia, WS Chang, VR Marcelino, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  8, \"Characterization of the gut microbiome and resistomes of wild and zoo-captive macaques.\" 778556 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.778556"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MB Parsons, DA Travis, EV Lonsdorf, et al.  \"Pathogens.\"  10, \"Antimicrobial resistance creates threat to chimpanzee health and conservation in the wild.\" 477 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040477"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Rozwandowicz, MSM Brouwer, J Fischer, et al.  \"J Antimicrob Chemother.\"  73, \"Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae.\" 1121 (2018)","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx488"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Rybak, B Krawczyk, B Furmanek-Blaszk, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  17, \"Antibiotic resistance, virulence, and phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli strains isolated from free-living birds in human habitats.\" e0262236 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262236"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"E Tacconelli, E Carrara, A Savoldi, et al.  \"Lancet Infect Dis.\"  18, \"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis.\" 318 (2018)"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Tsekouras, S Antoniadis, Z Athanasakopoulou, et al.  \"Life (Basel).\"  15, \"Can improved biosecurity measures reduce the presence of the most common ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae? 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