{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T05:36:56Z","timestamp":1759815416783,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Instituto Nacional de Salud (Colombia)","issue":"Supl. 1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003033","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Productiva","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1115-777-57608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1115-777-57608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["revistabiomedica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["biomedica"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystoisospora belli is an intestinal Apicomplexan parasite associated with diarrheal illness and disseminated infections in humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals such as those living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An irregular administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients may increase the risk of opportunistic infections like cystoisosporiasis.We describe here a case of C. belli infection in a Colombian HIV patient with chronic gastrointestinal syndrome and poor adherence to HAART. His clinical and parasitological cure was achieved with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Although a reduction in the number of C. belli cases has been observed since the use of HAART, this parasite still has to be considered as a differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in HIV\/AIDS patients.Effective interventions enhancing adherence to HAART should be included in HIV patient care programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.5932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T19:39:52Z","timestamp":1622576392000},"page":"17-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chronic Cystoisospora belli infection in a Colombian patient living with HIV and poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.7705","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ana Luz","family":"Galv\u00e1n-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Alzate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Botero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Garc\u00eda-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4444","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"103375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barta JR, Schrenzel MD, Carreno R, Rideout BA. The genus Atoxoplasma (Garnham 1950) as a junior objective synonym of the genus Isospora (Schneider 1881) species infecting birds and resurrection of Cystoisospora (Frenkel 1977) as the correct genus for Isospora species Infecting Mammals. J Parasitol. 2005;91:726-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-3341.1","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3341.1"},{"key":"103376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende DV, Assis DC, Ribeiro MFB, Cabrine-Santos M, Frenkel JK, Correia D, et al. Ultrastructural aspects of Cystoisospora belli (syn. Isospora belli) in continuous cell lines. Microsc Res Tech. 2014;77:472-8. http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/jemt.22372","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22372"},{"key":"103377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Almeria S. Cystoisospora belli infections in humans: The past 100 years. Parasitology. 2019;146:1490-527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182019000957","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000957"},{"key":"103378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenkel JK. Besnoitia wallacei of cats and rodents: With a reclassification of other cystforming isosporoid coccidia. J Parasitol. 1977;63:611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3279560","DOI":"10.2307\/3279560"},{"key":"103379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenkel JK, Smith DD. Determination of the genera of cyst-forming coccidia. Parasitol Res. 2003;91:384-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-003-0969-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0969-4"},{"key":"103380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Houk AE, Mitchell SM, Dubey JP. Developmental biology of Cystoisospora (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) monozoic tissue cysts. J Parasitol. 2014;100:392-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/13-494.1","DOI":"10.1645\/13-494.1"},{"key":"103381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira-Silva MB, Lages-Silva E, Resende DV, Prata A, Ram\u00edrez LE, Frenkel JK. Cystoisospora belli: In vitro multiplication in mammalian cells. Exp Parasitol. 2006;114:189-92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.03.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.03.004"},{"key":"103382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowan DJ, Said S, Schuetz AN, Pritt BS. A case of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli infection with multiple life stages identified on endoscopic small bowel biopsies. Int J Surg Pathol. 2020;28:884-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1066896920901589","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896920901589"},{"key":"103383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay DS. Cystoisospora species insights from development in vitro. Front Vet Sci. 2019;5:335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00335","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00335"},{"key":"103384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang ZD, Liu Q, Liu HH, Li S, Zhang L, Zhao YK, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2558-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2558-x"},{"key":"103385","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez MC, Moncada LI, Murcia MI, Saravia J, Nicholls RS. Frecuencia de par\u00e1sitos intestinales en pacientes VIH+ en la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina. 1999;47:9-12."},{"key":"103386","unstructured":"Arzuza O, Arroyo B, Villegas S, Rocha A, D\u00edaz H. Infecciones parasitarias intestinales en pacientes positivos para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Infectio. 2003;7:2003."},{"key":"103387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botero JH, Montoya MN, Vanegas AL, D\u00edaz A, Navarro-i-Mart\u00ednez L, Bornay FJ, et al. Frecuencia de microsporidiosis intestinal en pacientes positivos para VIH mediante las t\u00e9cnicas de Gram cromotropo r\u00e1pido y PCR. Biom\u00e9dica. 2004;24:375-84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/biomedica.v24i4.1287","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v24i4.1287"},{"key":"103388","unstructured":"Carmona-Fonseca J, Correa-Botero A. Par\u00e1sitos intestinales, desnutrici\u00f3n y condiciones de vida de ni\u00f1os en Urab\u00e1 (Colombia): soledad y olvido. Rev Salud Ambient. 2013;13:108-19."},{"key":"103389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucero-Garz\u00f3n TA, \u00c1lvarez-Motta LA, Chicue-L\u00f3pez JF, L\u00f3pez-Zapata D, Mendoza-Berga\u00f1o CA. Parasitosis intestinal y factores de riesgo en ni\u00f1os de los asentamientos subnormales, Florencia-Caquet\u00e1, Colombia. 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Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008;6:337-49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.6.3.337","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.3.337"},{"key":"103393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duran S, Spire B, Raffi F, Walter V, Bouhour D, Journot V, et al. Self-reported symptoms after initiation of a protease inhibitor in HIV-infected patients and their impact on adherence to HAART. HIV Clin Trials. 2001;2:38-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/R8M7-EQ0M-CNPW-39FC","DOI":"10.1310\/R8M7-EQ0M-CNPW-39FC"},{"key":"103394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista F, Miranda L, Silva MB, Taborda RL, Soares MC, Matos N. Chronic Cystoisospora belli infection in an HIV\/AIDS patient treated at the specialized assistance service in Porto Velho County - Rond\u00f4nia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2019;52:e20180204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0204-2018","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0204-2018"},{"key":"103395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagrange-X\u00e9lot M, Porcher R, Sarfati C, de Castro N, Carel O, Magnier JD, et al. Isosporiasis in patients with HIV infection in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in France. 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