{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T05:36:25Z","timestamp":1669959385503},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Instituto Nacional de Salud (Colombia)","issue":"Sp. 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["revistabiomedica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["biomedica"],"abstract":"<jats:p>La neuroinmunolog\u00eda es una disciplina que cada vez ampl\u00eda m\u00e1s sus horizontes en la comprensi\u00f3n de las enfermedades neurol\u00f3gicas. Contempor\u00e1neamente, y a la luz de los nexos fisiopatol\u00f3gicos de las enfermedades neurol\u00f3gicas y la inmunolog\u00eda, se han planteado enfoques diagn\u00f3sticos y terap\u00e9uticos espec\u00edficos. A pesar de los importantes avances de esta disciplina, existen m\u00faltiples dilemas que le conciernen y se filtran en la pr\u00e1ctica cl\u00ednica.En esta revisi\u00f3n, se presentan y discuten 15 controversias, las cuales se construyen con la informaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica disponible m\u00e1s actualizada. Los temas incluidos son: disminuci\u00f3n de esteroides en reca\u00eddas de esclerosis m\u00faltiple; recomendaciones terap\u00e9uticas en esclerosis m\u00faltiple a la luz de la pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2; evidencia de vacunaci\u00f3n en esclerosis m\u00faltiple y en otras enfermedades desmielinizantes; panorama actual del s\u00edndrome cl\u00ednico y radiol\u00f3gico aislado; y fallas terap\u00e9uticas en esclerosis m\u00faltiple; adem\u00e1s, criterios para suspender las terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad; evidencia del manejo en reca\u00eddas leves; recomendaciones para la profilaxis contra Strongyloides stercolaris; utilidad de un segundo ciclo de inmunoglobulina en el s\u00edndrome de Guillain-Barr\u00e9; criterios para diferenciar una polineuropat\u00eda cr\u00f3nica desmielinizante inflamatoria de inicio agudo de un s\u00edndrome de Guillain-Barr\u00e9 y, utilidad de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina en neurosarcoidosis.En cada una de las controversias, se presenta la problem\u00e1tica general y se ofrecen recomendaciones espec\u00edficas que pueden adoptarse en la pr\u00e1ctica cl\u00ednica diaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.6366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T21:52:06Z","timestamp":1667339526000},"page":"78-99","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7705\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Controversias en neuroinmunolog\u00eda: esclerosis m\u00faltiple, vacunaci\u00f3n, SARS-CoV-2 y otros dilemas"],"prefix":"10.7705","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Sa\u00fal","family":"Reyes-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime Eduardo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habib Georges","family":"Moutran-Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hellen","family":"Kreinter-Rosembaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Gaviria-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Salej-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Mancera-Charry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cuellar-Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Torres-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mazuera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aristides","family":"Duque-Samper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Toro-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4444","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"111209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial Headquarters, University of South Florida College of Medicine. The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120057025","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120057025"},{"key":"111210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perumal JS, Caon C, Hreha S, Zabad R, Tselis A, Lisak R, et al. Oral prednisone taper following intravenous steroids fails to improve disability or recovery from relapses in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15:677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02146.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02146.x"},{"key":"111211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi\u0107 Z, Mici\u0107 D, Nikoli\u0107 J, Stojisavljevi\u0107 N, Soki\u0107 D, Jankovi\u0107 S, et al. Short-term high dose steroid therapy does not affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients. Clinical assessment by the insulin tolerance test. J Endocrinol Invest. 1996;19:30-4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03347855","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347855"},{"key":"111212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sormani MP, De Rossi N, Schiavetti I, Carmisciano L, Cordioli C, Moiola L, et al. Disease modifying therapies and COVID-19 severity in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2021;89:780-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26028","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3631244"},{"key":"111213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louapre C, Collongues N, Stankoff B, Giannesini C, Papeix C, Bensa C, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:1079-88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2581"},{"key":"111214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peeters LM, Parciak T, Walton C, Geys L, Moreau Y, De Brouwer E, et al. COVID-19 in people with multiple sclerosis: A global data sharing initiative. Mult Scler J. 2020;26:1157-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520941485","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520941485"},{"key":"111215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes S, Cunningham AL, Kalincik T, Havrdov\u00e1 EK, Isobe N, Pakpoor J, et al. Update on the management of multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic and post pandemic: An international consensus statement. J Neuroimmunol. 2021;357:577627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577627"},{"key":"111216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes S, Ramsay M, Ladhani S, Amirthalingam G, Singh N, Cores C, et al. Protecting people with multiple sclerosis through vaccination. Pract Neurol. 2020;20:435-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002527","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002527"},{"key":"111217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciotti JR, Valtcheva MV, Cross AH. Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: A review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;4:102439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102439"},{"key":"111218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Freedman MS, Kremenchutzky M, Menguy-Vacheron F, Bauer D, Jodl S, et al. Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2013;81:552-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829e6fbf","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829e6fbf"},{"key":"111219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Wiendl H, Miller B, Benamor M, Truffinet P, Church M, et al. Randomized study of teriflunomide effects on immune responses to neoantigen and recall antigens. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015;2 e70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000070","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000070"},{"key":"111220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hehn C, Howard J, Liu S, Meka V, Pultz J, Mehta D, et al. Immune response to vaccines is maintained in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018;5:e409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000409","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000409"},{"key":"111221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappos L, Mehling M, Arroyo R, Izquierdo G, Selmaj K, Curovic-Perisic V, et al. Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2015;84:872-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001302"},{"key":"111222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ufer M, Shakeri-Nejad K, Gardin A, Su Z, Paule I, Marbury TC, et al. Impact of siponimod on vaccination response in a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017;4:e398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000398","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000398"},{"key":"111223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Calkwood JC, Chognot C, Evershed J, Fox EJ, Herman A, et al. Effect of ocrelizumab on vaccine responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2020;95:e1999-e2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010380","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010380"},{"key":"111224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy CL, Tuohy O, Compston DAS, Kumararatne DS, Coles AJ, Jones JL. Immune competence after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2013;81:872-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a35215","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a35215"},{"key":"111225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achiron A, Mandel M, Dreyer-Alster S, Harari G, Magalashvili D, Sonis P, et al. Humoral immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021;14:17562864211012835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864211012835","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211012835"},{"key":"111226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordonnier C, Einarsdottir S, Cesaro S, Di Blasi R, Mikulska M, Rieger C, et al. Vaccination of haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Guidelines of the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7). Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e200-e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30600-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30600-5"},{"key":"111227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Mancinelli C, Haggiag S, Cordioli C, De Giglio L, De Rossi N, et al. Minimal evidence of disease activity (MEDA) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91:271-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322348","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322348"},{"key":"111228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristiano E, Alonso R, Alvez Pinheiro A, Bacile EA, Balbuena ME, Ballario C, et al. Argentinean recommendations on the identification of treatment failure in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci. 2018;385:217-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2018.01.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.01.004"},{"key":"111229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsantes E, Curti E, Collura F, Bazzurri V, Fiore A, Granella F. Five- and seven-year prognostic value of new effectiveness measures (NEDA, MEDA and six-month delayed NEDA) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2020;414:116827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116827"},{"key":"111230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos I, Leray E, Frascoli F, Casey R, Brown JWL, Horakova D, et al. Delay from treatment start to full effect of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2020;143:2742-56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa231","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa231"},{"key":"111231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovannoni G, Turner B, Gnanapavan S, Offiah C, Schmierer K, Marta M. Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4:329-33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2015.04.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.04.006"},{"key":"111232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Stefano N, Giorgio A, Tintor\u00e9 M, Pia Amato M, Kappos L, Palace J, et al. Radiologically isolated syndrome or subclinical multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus recommendations. Mult Scler J. 2018;24:214-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517717808","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517717808"},{"key":"111233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuda DT, Siva A, Kantarci O, Inglese M, Katz I, Tutuncu M, et al. Radiologically isolated syndrome: 5-year risk for an initial clinical event. PLoS ONE. 2014;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090509"},{"key":"111234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebrun-Frenay C, Kantarci O, Siva A, Sormani MP, Pelletier D, Okuda DT, et al. Radiologically isolated syndrome: 10-year risk estimate of a clinical event. Ann Neurol. 2020;88 407-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25799","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25799"},{"key":"111235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzegorski T, Losy J. What do we currently know about the clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis? An update. Rev Neurosci. 2020;31:335-49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revneuro-2019-0084","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2019-0084"},{"key":"111236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galetta SL. The Controlled High Risk Avonex\u00ae Multiple Sclerosis trial (CHAMPS STUDY). J Neuroophthalmol. 2001;21:292-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00041327-200112000-00013","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200112000-00013"},{"key":"111237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, Durelli L, Edan G, Fern\u00e1ndez O, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: A randomised study. Lancet. 2001;357:1576-82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)04725-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04725-5"},{"key":"111238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, Edan G, Hartung HP, Miller DH, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006;67:1242-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237641.33768.8d","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237641.33768.8d"},{"key":"111239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M, Moiola L, Bajenaru O, Carra A, et al. Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1503-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61259-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61259-9"},{"key":"111240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comi G, De Stefano N, Freedman MS, Barkhof F, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BM, et al. Comparison of two dosing frequencies of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with a first clinical demyelinating event suggestive of multiple sclerosis (REFLEX): A phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:33-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70262-9"},{"key":"111241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70262-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70262-9"},{"key":"111242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leist TP, Comi G, Cree BAC, Coyle PK, Freedman MS, Hartung H-P, et al. Effect of oral cladribine on time to conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with a first demyelinating event (ORACLE MS): A phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:257-67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70005-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70005-5"},{"key":"111243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller AE, Wolinsky JS, Kappos L, Comi G, Freedman MS, Olsson TP, et al. Oral teriflunomide for patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (TOPIC): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:977-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70191-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70191-7"},{"key":"111244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polman CH, O\u2019Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:899-910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397"},{"key":"111245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, Confavreux C, Galetta SL, Radue E-W, et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:911-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa044396","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044396"},{"key":"111246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger JR, Fox RJ. Reassessing the risk of natalizumab-associated PML. J Neurovirol. 2016;22:533-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-016-0427-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0427-6"},{"key":"111247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Major EO, Nath A. A link between long-term natalizumab dosing in MS and PML. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016;3:e235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000235","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000235"},{"key":"111248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bomprezzi R, Pawate S. Extended interval dosing of natalizumab: A two-center, 7-year experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2014;7:227-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756285614540224","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614540224"},{"key":"111249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petr\u017ealka M, Meluz\u00ednov\u00e1 E, Moj\u017ei\u0161ov\u00e1 H, Libert\u00ednov\u00e1 J, Ro\u010dkov\u00e1 P, N\u011bm\u00e1 E, et al. Effectiveness of natalizumab extended interval dosing in multiple sclerosis patients. \u010cesk\u00e1 a Slov Neurol a Neurochir. 2020;83\/116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14735\/amcsnn202079","DOI":"10.14735\/amcsnn202079"},{"key":"111250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhovtis Ryerson L, Frohman TC, Foley J, Kister I, Weinstock-Guttman B, Tornatore C, et al. Extended interval dosing of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:885-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312940","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312940"},{"key":"111251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryerson LZ, Foley J, Chang I, Kister I, Cutter G, Metzger RR, et al. Risk of natalizumabassociated PML in patients with MS is reduced with extended interval dosing. Neurology. 2019:93:e1452-e62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008243","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008243"},{"key":"111252","unstructured":"Biogen. A study to evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of EID of natalizumab (BG00002) in participants with RRMS switching from treatment with natalizumab SID in relation to continued SID treatment- followed by extension study comprising SC and IV natalizumab administration. 2020. Report No.: NCT03689972. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03689972"},{"key":"111253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman MS, Patry DG, Grand\u2019Maison F, Myles ML, Paty DW, Selchen DH. Treatment optimization in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004;31:157-68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0317167100053804","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100053804"},{"key":"111254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalincik T, Buzzard K, Jokubaitis V, Trojano M, Duquette P, Izquierdo G, et al. Risk of relapse phenotype recurrence in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2014;20:1511-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458514528762","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514528762"},{"key":"111255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirst C, Ingram G, Pearson O, Pickersgill T, Scolding N, Robertson N. Contribution of relapses to disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2008;255:280-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-008-0743-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0743-8"},{"key":"111256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalincik T. Multiple sclerosis relapses: Epidemiology, outcomes and management. A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;44:199-214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000382130","DOI":"10.1159\/000382130"},{"key":"111257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Citterio A, La Mantia L, Ciucci G, Candelise L, Brusaferri F, Midgard R, et al. Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;4:CD001331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001331","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001331"},{"key":"111258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richert ND, Ostuni JL, Bash CN, Leist TP, McFarland HF, Frank JA. Interferon beta-1b and intravenous methylprednisolone promote lesion recovery in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2001;7:49-58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135245850100700109","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850100700109"},{"key":"111259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaya-Nieto J, Gir\u00f3n-Luque F, Baez-Su\u00e1rez Y. Strongyloides stercoralis; reporte de un caso en el post-trasplante renal. Rev Med. 2017;25:64-69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18359\/rmed.2921","DOI":"10.18359\/rmed.2921"},{"key":"111260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greaves D, Coggle S, Pollard C, Aliyu SH, Moore EM. Strongyloides stercoralis infection. BMJ. 2013;347:f4610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f4610","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4610"},{"key":"111261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keiser PB, Nutman TB. Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:208-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004"},{"key":"111262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh K, Ghosh K. Strongyloides stercoralis septicaemia following steroid therapy for eosinophilia: Report of three cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:1163-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.021"},{"key":"111263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejia R, Nutman TB. Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012;25:458-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283551dbd","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283551dbd"},{"key":"111264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miravalle AA, Schreiner T. Neurologic complications of vaccinations. En: Biller J, Ferro JM. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part III. 2014. p. 1549-57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00103-6","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00103-6"},{"key":"111265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schonberger LB, Bregman DJ, Sullivan-Bolyai JZ, Keelyside RA, Ziegler DW, Retailliau HF, et al. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States, 1976-1977. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;110:105-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112795","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112795"},{"key":"111266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stowe J, Andrews N, Miller E. Do vaccines trigger neurological diseases? Epidemiological evaluation of vaccination and neurological diseases using examples of multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2020;34:1-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-019-00670-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00670-y"},{"key":"111267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karussis D, Petrou P. The spectrum of post-vaccination inflammatory CNS demyelinating syndromes. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:215-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.003"},{"key":"111268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torisu H, Okada K. Vaccination-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Vaccine. 2019;37:1126-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.01.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.01.021"},{"key":"111269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildemann B, Jarius S, Hartmann M, Regula JU, Hametner C. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against human papilloma virus. Neurology. 2009;72:2132-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa53bb","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa53bb"},{"key":"111270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheller NM, Svanstr\u00f6m H, Pasternak B, Arnheim-Dahlstr\u00f6m L, Sundstr\u00f6m K, Fink K, et al. Quadrivalent HPV vaccination and risk of multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. JAMA. 2015;313:54-61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.16946","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.16946"},{"key":"111271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakimovski D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Dwyer MG, Zivadinov R. Infections, vaccines and autoimmunity: A multiple sclerosis perspective. Vaccines. 2020;8:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8010050","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010050"},{"key":"111272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farez MF. Yellow fever vaccination and increased relapse rate in travelers with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2011;68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2011.131","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.131"},{"key":"111273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huttner A, Eperon G, Lascano AM, Roth S, Schwob JM, Siegrist CA, et al. Risk of MS relapse after yellow fever vaccination. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamma. 2020;7:e726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000726","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000726"},{"key":"111274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffel J, Wakerley B, Nicholas R. Multiple sclerosis. Medicina (Buenos Aires). 2016;44:537-41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mpmed.2016.06.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2016.06.005"},{"key":"111275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross RH, Corboy JR. Monitoring, switching, and stopping multiple sclerosis diseasemodifying therapies. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2019;25:715-35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CON.0000000000000738","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000738"},{"key":"111276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA. Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:169-80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483"},{"key":"111277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weideman AM, Tapia-Maltos MA, Johnson K, Greenwood M, Bielekova B. Meta-analysis of the age-dependent efficacy of multiple sclerosis treatments. Front Neurol. 2017;8:577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00577","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00577"},{"key":"111278","unstructured":"Corboy J. Discontinuation of disease modifying therapies (DMTs) in multiple sclerosis (MS) (DISCOMS). (NCT03073603). 2021. Accessed: 1\u00b0 de mayo de 2021. Avalailable in: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03073603"},{"key":"111279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet. 2016;388:717-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1"},{"key":"111280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farcas P, Avnun L, Frisher S, Herishanu Y, Wirguin I. Efficacy of repeated intravenous immunoglobulin in severe unresponsive Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet. 1997;350:1747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)24050-x","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)24050-X"},{"key":"111281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verboon C, Doets AY, Galassi G, Davidson A, Waheed W, P\u00e9r\u00e9on Y, et al. Current treatment practice of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurology. 2019;93:e59-e76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007719","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007719"},{"key":"111282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walgaard C, Jacobs BC, Lingsma HF, Steyerberg EW, Cornblath DR, van Doorn PA, et al. Second IVIg course in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome patients with poor prognosis (SID-GBS trial): Protocol for a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2018;23:210-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jns.12286","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12286"},{"key":"111283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Doorn PA, Kuitwaard K, Walgaard C, van Koningsveld R, Ruts L, Jacobs BC. IVIG treatment and prognosis in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 2010;30(Suppl.1):S74-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-010-9407-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9407-4"},{"key":"111284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes RAC, Swan AV, Raphael JC, Annane D, van Koningsveld R, van Doorn PA. Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: A systematic review. Brain. 2007;130:2245-57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm004","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm004"},{"key":"111285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dionne A, Nicolle MW, Hahn AF. Clinical and electrophysiological parameters distinguishing acute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2010;41:202-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21480","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21480"},{"key":"111286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessandro L, Pastor-Rueda JM, Wilken M, Querol L, Marrod\u00e1n M, Acosta JN, et al. Differences between acute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in adult patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2018;23:154-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jns.12266","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12266"},{"key":"111287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruts L, van Koningsveld R, van Doorn PA. Distinguishing acute-onset CIDP from GuillainBarr\u00e9 syndrome with treatment related fluctuations. Neurology. 2005;65:138-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000167549.09664.b8","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000167549.09664.b8"},{"key":"111288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen ES, Moller DR. Sarcoidosis\u2014scientific progress and clinical challenges. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7:457-67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.93","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.93"},{"key":"111289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraaijvanger R, Janssen Bon\u00e1s M, Vorselaars ADM, Veltkamp M. Biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis: Current use and future prospects. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01443","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01443"},{"key":"111290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oksanen V, Fyhrquist F, Somer H, Gronhagen-Riska C. Angiotensin converting enzyme in cerebrospinal fluid: A new assay. Neurology. 1985;35:1220-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.35.8.1220","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.8.1220"},{"key":"111291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale JC, O\u2019Brien JF. Determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme levels in cerebrospinal fluid is not a useful test for the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4065\/74.5.535","DOI":"10.4065\/74.5.535"},{"key":"111292","unstructured":"Tahmoush AJ, Amir MS, Connor WW, Farry JK, Didato S, Ulhoa-Cintra A, et al. CSF-ACE activity in probable CNS neurosarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2002;19:191-7."},{"key":"111293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoury J, Wellik KE, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM. Cerebrospinal fluid angiotensinconverting enzyme for diagnosis of central nervous system sarcoidosis. Neurologist. 2009;15:108-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31819bcf84","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31819bcf84"},{"key":"111294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridel C, Courvoisier DS, Vuilleumier N, Lalive PH. Cerebrospinal fluid angiotensinconverting enzyme for diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2015;285:1-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.020"}],"container-title":["Biom\u00e9dica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/revistabiomedica.org\/index.php\/biomedica\/article\/download\/6366\/5099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/revistabiomedica.org\/index.php\/biomedica\/article\/download\/6366\/5099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1669917108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/revistabiomedica.org\/index.php\/biomedica\/article\/view\/6366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Sp. 2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/biomedica.6366","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-7379","0120-4157"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-7379","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0120-4157","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer Reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer Review"}},{"value":"Instituto Nacional de Salud","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biomedica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"Revisi\u00f3n de tema","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"}]}}