{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:08:48Z","timestamp":1774613328266,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Instituto Nacional de Salud (Colombia)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["revistabiomedica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed."],"abstract":"<jats:p>La toxoplasmosis es una infecci\u00f3n zoon\u00f3tica frecuente con diversos mecanismos de transmisi\u00f3n y distribuci\u00f3n amplia a nivel mundial. Su probabilidad de generar enfermedad est\u00e1 relacionada con la alteraci\u00f3n del sistema inmunol\u00f3gico y la virulencia del par\u00e1sito.Se presentan cuatro pacientes sin inmunosupresi\u00f3n conocida, procedentes de un \u00e1rea selv\u00e1tica de Colombia y con diagn\u00f3stico de toxoplasmosis confirmado por serolog\u00eda y con compromiso pulmonar, uno de los cuales desarroll\u00f3 falla respiratoria hipox\u00e9mica y miocarditis. Este brote de toxoplasmosis se present\u00f3 en personal militar despu\u00e9s de su exposici\u00f3n a esta zoonosis en la Amazonia colombiana durante un ejercicio de entrenamiento.Se describen el proceso diagn\u00f3stico, las manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas y el tratamiento, y se discute la importancia de las variantes genot\u00edpicas del par\u00e1sito.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.7728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:30:47Z","timestamp":1772807447000},"page":"9-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brote de toxoplasmosis pulmonar en militares inmunocompetentes","Outbreak of toxoplasmosis with pulmonary involvement in immunocompetent military population"],"prefix":"10.7705","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5427-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Reyes-Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Militar Central, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia; Programa de Medicina Interna, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5084-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Culma-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Militar Central, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9865-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital Militar Central, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jairo Enrique","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital Militar Central, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6878-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Militar Central, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia; Programa de Medicina Interna, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1, D. C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4444","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"158555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini SA, Amouei A, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Galal L, Javidnia J, et al. Human toxoplasmosis: A systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples. Epidemiol Infect. 2018:147:e36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268818002947","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002947"},{"key":"158556","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadatnia G, Golkar M. A review on human toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:805-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197"},{"key":"158557","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Andr\u00e9s FJ, Rubio R, Castilla J, Pulido F, Palao G, de Pedro I, et al. Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989-1997. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1177-85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/374358","DOI":"10.1086\/374358"},{"key":"158558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dard\u00e9 ML. Toxoplasma gondii, \u201cnew\u201d genotypes and virulence. Parasite. 2008;15:366-71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2008153366","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153366"},{"key":"158559","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Marin JE, Pinon JM. Virulencia en Toxoplasma gondii: \u00bfLas presentaciones cl\u00ednicas inusuales en la amazonia pueden poner en evidencia factores de virulencia? Rev Salud P\u00fablica. 2001;3(Supl.1):35-41."},{"key":"158560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn JE, Montoya-de-Londo\u00f1o MT, Casta\u00f1o-Osorio JC. A maternal screening program for congenital toxoplasmosis in Quind\u00edo, Colombia and application of mathematical models to estimate incidences using age-stratified data. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:180-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.180","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.180"},{"key":"158561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Layton J, Theiopoulou DC, Rutenberg D, Elshereye A, Zhang Y, Sinnott J, et al. Clinical spectrum, radiological findings, and outcomes of severe toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent hosts: A systematic review. Pathogens. 2023;12:543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12040543","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040543"},{"key":"158562","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn JE, Mu\u00f1oz-Ortiz J, Mej\u00eda-Oquendo M, Arteaga-Rivera JY, Rivera-Valdivia N, Boh\u00f3rquez-Granados MC, et al. High frequency of ocular toxoplasmosis in Quind\u00edo, Colombia and risk factors related to the infection. Heliyon. 2021;7:e06659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06659"},{"key":"158563","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1\u00f3n-Franco WA, L\u00f3pez-Orozco N, G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn JE, Dubey JP. An overview of seventy years of research (1944 - 2014) on toxoplasmosis in Colombia, South America. Parasit Vectors. 2014:7:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-427","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-427"},{"key":"158564","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim K, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: The model apicomplexan. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34:423-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.12.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.12.009"},{"key":"158565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kochanowsky JA, Koshy AA. Toxoplasma gondii. Curr Biol. 2018;28:R770-1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.035"},{"key":"158566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey JP. The history of Toxoplasma gondii--the first 100 years. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2008;55:467-75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x"},{"key":"158567","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e1vila V, Roncancio-Villamil G, Correa LA, Restrepo C, Madrid CA, Gonz\u00e1lez JM. Toxoplasmosis diseminada en un paciente con trasplante de coraz\u00f3n a pesar de la profilaxis con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol. Biom\u00e9dica. 2017;37:303-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/biomedica.v37i3.3189","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v37i3.3189"},{"key":"158568","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabaud C, May T, Amiel C, Katlama C, Leport C, Ambroise-Thomas P, et al. Extracerebral toxoplasmosis in patients infected with HIV. A French National Survey. Medicine (Baltimore). 1994;73:306-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005792-199411000-00004","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199411000-00004"},{"key":"158569","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao J, Yolken RH. Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015;213:828-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.12458","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12458"},{"key":"158570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn J, de la Torre A, Vargas-Montes M. Immunopathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis and implications for treatment. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2023;19:7-26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17469899.2023.2279178","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2023.2279178"},{"key":"158571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s DA, Aguilar MC, R\u00edos HA, Rodr\u00edguez FJ, Montes KV, G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn JE, de la Torre A. Severe acute multi-systemic failure with bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients from urban settings in Colombia: Case reports. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;18:100661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100661"},{"key":"158572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galal L, Hamidovi\u0107 A, Dard\u00e9 ML, Mercier M. Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains at the global level and its determinants. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2019;15:e00052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00052"},{"key":"158573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shwab EK, Zhu X-Q, Majumdar D, Pe\u00f1a HFJ, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, et al. Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping. 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Descripci\u00f3n de un brote epid\u00e9mico de toxoplasmosis aguda en pacientes inmunocompetentes miembros de las fuerzas militares de Colombia durante operaciones de selva. Infectio. 2009;13:83-91.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0123-9392(09)70729-5"},{"key":"158577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s AD, Aguirre N. Severe disseminated acute toxoplasmosis in an adult immunocompetent patient from the Colombian Pacific. Biom\u00e9dica. 2018;38:19-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/biomedica.v38i0.4087","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i0.4087"},{"key":"158578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert-Gangneux F, Dard\u00e9 M-L. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:264-96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11"},{"key":"158579","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros GB, Lemos EM, E Silva-Dos-Santos PP, Dietze R, Zandonade E, Mineo JR, et al. Proposed panel of diagnostic tools for accurate temporal classification of symptomatic T. gondii infection. J Immunol Methods. 2017;451:61-70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2017.08.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2017.08.010"},{"key":"158580","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s LJ. Gu\u00eda para la vigilancia por laboratorio de Toxoplasma gondii. Direcci\u00f3n Redes en Salud P\u00fablica. Bogot\u00e1: Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2017. p. 1-19."},{"key":"158581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostami A, Karanis P, Fallahi S. Advances in serological, imaging techniques and molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Infection. 2018;46:303-15.","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1111-3"},{"key":"158582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canales M, Navia F, Torres M, Concha M, Guzm\u00e1n AM, P\u00e9rez C, et al. Evaluaci\u00f3n de un test comercial de avidez de IgG: aporte al diagn\u00f3stico de primoinfecci\u00f3n por Toxoplasma gondii. 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