{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:57:30Z","timestamp":1772096250646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Culture, Sports and Tourism R&D Program through the Korea Creative Content Agency grant funded by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2024","award":["RS-2024-00351961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00351961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary objective of software companies is to maintain product quality and competitiveness in the market while minimizing development costs. Outsourcing can be a strategic approach to achieving this goal. However, outsourcing also presents various challenges that can impact product quality. Despite extensive research on outsourcing, comprehensive discussions on challenges remain limited to the literature on outsourcing; there is a significant gap in comprehensive discussions on these challenges. This article aims to bridge this gap by identifying and prioritizing quality challenges in outsourcing using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Through a thorough literature review, we identified challenges such as cultural differences, requirement analysis, remoteness, communication, and collaboration issues (5-C\u2019s), and linguistic skills. We then validated these challenges through an empirical survey with software experts. A worldwide survey was conducted, garnering 80 responses from diverse geographical locations: Asia (37), Europe (26), North America (15), and Australia (2). Finally, we applied the AHP technique to prioritize these challenges, categorizing them into various levels. According to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the \u2018Requirement Analysis Challenge\u2019 emerges as the foremost quality challenge, followed closely by \u2018Lack of Expertise\u2019 and \u2018Limited Technical Capability\u2019, ranking second and third respectively among the 12 identified challenges. We believe that the findings of this article will provide valuable insights for the vendor community, software development teams, client organizations, or project managers enabling them to better address outsourcing challenges and improve product quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.3013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:00:26Z","timestamp":1772092826000},"page":"e3013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Problems with quality using the analytical hierarchy approach, vendors\u2019 perspective on software outsourcing priorities"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abdul Wahid","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Alnajim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Aldaeej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Science & Technology Bannu, Bannu, kpk, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Kug","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Seoul, Republic of South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-6681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shabbab Ali","family":"Algamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-0225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faheem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Seoul, Republic of South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.3013\/ref-1","article-title":"The impact of global software cultural and linguistic aspects on global software development process (GSD): issues and 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