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These tiers undergo real-time dynamic updates to adapt to packet transmission demands. Routing paths are adaptively adjusted based on tier variations: when a node\u2019s tier rapidly decreases, its associated routes undergo local updates to minimize energy consumption, thereby prolonging the life time of lower-tier nodes as effectively as possible. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with three other algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves a more balanced energy consumption distribution among nodes, significantly extends the network\u2019s stability period, and further enhances the overall network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.4050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:47:06Z","timestamp":1785142026000},"page":"e4050","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A local-update tree-based routing algorithm for WSNs"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ni","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science & Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 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