{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:21:15Z","timestamp":1786591275345,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de la Frontera through the project titled \u201cSemantic Technologies Applied to Cyber-Physical Systems Modelling\u201d","award":["DI22-0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI22-0065"]}]},{"name":"The National Chilean Agency of Research, Development, and Innovation (ANID) via the project \u201cTrabots: Traceability in the Design of Cyber-physical Systems\u201d"},{"name":"The international research collaboration between Chile and Spain","award":["FOVI210006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOVI210006"]}]},{"name":"The ANGLIRU: Applying knowledge graphs for research data interoperability and reusability","award":["MCI-21-PID2020-117912RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCI-21-PID2020-117912RB-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) constitute a specific type of cyber-physical system that utilize electronic, mechanical, and software components. A component-based approach can address the development complexities of these systems through composable and reusable components and their integration, simplifying the development process and contributing to a more systematic, disciplined, and measurable engineering approach. In this article, we propose an architecture to design and describe the optimal performance of components for an AUV engineering process. The architecture involves a computing approach that carries out the automatic control of a testbed using genetic algorithms, where components undergo a \u2018physical-running\u2019 evaluation. The procedure, defined from a method engineering perspective, complements the proposed architecture by demonstrating its application. We conducted an experiment to determine the optimal operating modes of an AUV thruster with a flexible propeller using the proposed method. The results indicate that it is feasible to design and assess physical components directly using genetic algorithms in real-world settings, dispensing with the corresponding computational model and associated engineering stages for obtaining an optimized and tested operational scope. Furthermore, we have developed a cost-based model to illustrate that designing an AUV from a physical-running perspective encompasses extensive feasibility zones, where it proves to be more cost-effective than an approach based on simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T07:37:22Z","timestamp":1729841842000},"page":"e2305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Componentizing autonomous underwater vehicles by physical-running algorithms"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Informatics Department, University of La Frontera, Temuco, La Araucan\u00eda, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose E.","family":"Labra Gayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Escobar Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Informatics Department, University of La Frontera, Temuco, La Araucan\u00eda, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Informatics Department, University of La Frontera, Temuco, La Araucan\u00eda, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS.2015.7404442","article-title":"FlatFish - a compact subsea-resident inspection AUV","author":"Albiez","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5851","article-title":"An introduction to cybernetics","author":"Ashby","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305\/ref-3","first-page":"280","article-title":"Towards a taxonomy for eliciting design-operation continuum requirements of cyber-physical systems","author":"Ayerdi","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/acss-2019-0001","article-title":"Brief overview of modelling methods, life-cycle and application domains of cyber-physical systems","volume":"24","author":"Babris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Computer Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/en16031273","article-title":"Designing reconfigurable cyber-physical systems using unified modeling language","volume":"16","author":"Bazyd\u0142o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2305\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36201-9_59","article-title":"Architecting autonomous underwater vehicles by adapting software product lines","volume-title":"Integrated Computer Technologies in Mechanical Engineering - 2022. 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