{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:12:38Z","timestamp":1787224358748,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geran Putra Berimpak Universiti Putra Malaysia","award":["9659400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9659400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been among the most prevalent wireless innovations over the years exciting new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT based WSN integrated with Internet Protocol IP allows any physical objects with sensors to be connected ubiquitously and send real-time data to the server connected to the Internet gate. Security in WSN remains an ongoing research trend that falls under the IoT paradigm. A WSN node deployed in a hostile environment is likely to open security attacks such as Sybil attack due to its distributed architecture and network contention implemented in the routing protocol. In a Sybil attack, an adversary illegally advertises several false identities or a single identity that may occur at several locations called Sybil nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we give a survey of the most up-to-date assured methods to defend from the Sybil attack. The Sybil attack countermeasures includes encryption, trust, received signal indicator (RSSI), encryption and artificial intelligence. Specifically, we survey different methods, along with their advantages and disadvantages, to mitigate the Sybil attack. We discussed the lesson learned and the future avenues of study and open issues in WSN security analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T04:42:51Z","timestamp":1632285771000},"page":"e673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A survey of Sybil attack countermeasures in IoT-based wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Akashah","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zurina","family":"Mohd Hanapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamala","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohaya","family":"Latip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2012.2221912","article-title":"Lightweight sybil attack detection in MANETs","volume":"7","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022","article-title":"IoT security: review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges","volume":"82","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.05.006","article-title":"Detecting sybil attacks in clustered wireless sensor networks based on energy trust system (ETS)","volume":"110","author":"Alsaedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2656635","article-title":"Sybil defense techniques in online social networks: a survey","volume":"5","author":"Al-Qurishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141868","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2944420","article-title":"Load balancing and server consolidation in cloud computing environments: a meta-study","volume":"7","author":"Ala\u2019Anzy","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-6","first-page":"36","article-title":"Sybil attacks and defenses in internet of things and mobile social networks","volume":"15","author":"Alharbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10010001","article-title":"A new lightweight watchdog-based algorithm for detecting sybil nodes in mobile WSNs","volume":"10","author":"Almas Shehni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.673\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39047-1_13","article-title":"Toward Smart and Secure IoT Based Healthcare System","volume-title":"Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. 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