{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:21:50Z","timestamp":1790626910493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical and Health Personnel Special Project of Jilin Province","award":["2019SCZT021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SCZT021"]}]},{"name":"Health Service Capacity Improvement Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Jilin Province","award":["3D5172173429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3D5172173429"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under physiological conditions, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a cellular monolayer composed of mitotically quiescent cells. Tight junctions and adherens junctions maintain the polarity of RPE cells, and are required for cellular functions. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), upon retinal tear, RPE cells lose cell-cell contact, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and ultimately transform into myofibroblasts, leading to the formation of fibrocellular membranes on both surfaces of the detached retina and on the posterior hyaloids, which causes tractional retinal detachment. In PVR, RPE cells are crucial contributors, and multiple signaling pathways, including the SMAD-dependent pathway, Rho pathway, MAPK pathways, Jagged\/Notch pathway, and the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway are activated. These pathways mediate the EMT of RPE cells, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of PVR. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the polarized phenotype of RPE, the role of cell-cell contact, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the RPE EMT in PVR, emphasizing key insights into potential approaches to prevent PVR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T06:15:41Z","timestamp":1603174541000},"page":"e10136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells in proliferative vitreoretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenli","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.12.3655","article-title":"Assembly of the cadherin-catenin complex in vitro with recombinant proteins","volume":"107","author":"Aberle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.04.016","article-title":"FAK phosphorylation plays a central role in thrombin-induced RPE cell migration","volume":"36","author":"Aguilar-Solis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellular Signalling"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20912","article-title":"Effect of methotrexate on an in vitro patient-derived model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"58","author":"Amarnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(20000701)78:1<85::AID-JCB8>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Multiple domains of occludin are involved in the regulation of paracellular permeability","volume":"78","author":"Balda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210020","article-title":"The ZO-1-associated Y-box factor ZONAB regulates epithelial cell proliferation and cell density","volume":"160","author":"Balda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2016.05.006","article-title":"Tight junctions as regulators of tissue remodelling","volume":"42","author":"Balda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5104","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27768","article-title":"The Interplay Between E-Cadherin, Connexin 43, and Zona Occludens 1 in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"60","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13630","article-title":"Dabigatran inhibits intravitreal thrombin activity","volume":"96","author":"Bastiaans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2003","article-title":"Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: molecular organization and role in vascular homeostasis","volume":"84","author":"Bazzoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20520","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M905251199","article-title":"Interaction of junctional adhesion molecule with the tight junction components ZO-1, cingulin, and occludin","volume":"275","author":"Bazzoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15374","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15374","article-title":"Concerted regulation of retinal pigment epithelium basement membrane and barrier function by angiocrine factors","volume":"8","author":"Benedicto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01942","article-title":"Tight junction proteins and signaling pathways in cancer and inflammation: a functional crosstalk","volume":"9","author":"Bhat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.03.009","article-title":"Epigenomic and transcriptomic changes during human RPE EMT in a stem cell model of epiretinal membrane pathogenesis and prevention by nicotinamide","volume":"14","author":"Boles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3904","article-title":"Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease","volume":"15","author":"Bonnans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0649-5","article-title":"Semaphorin4D-PlexinB1 signaling attenuates photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis by reducing rac1 activity of RPE cells","volume":"55","author":"Bulloj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a027847","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027847","article-title":"Directional fluid transport across organ-blood barriers: physiology and cell biology","volume":"9","author":"Caceres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2019.08.001","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium polarity in health and blinding diseases","volume":"62","author":"Caceres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s185618","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits transforming growth factor \u03b21-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigment epithelial cells via the Smad pathway","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.03.061","article-title":"Interplay between tight junctions & adherens junctions","volume":"358","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental Cell Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.2.106","article-title":"Growth factors in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"82","author":"Charteris","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.201","article-title":"Wnt signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition with proliferation in ARPE-19 cells upon loss of contact inhibition","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166386","article-title":"Auranofin inhibits retinal pigment epithelium cell survival through reactive oxygen species-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor\/ mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524014666140331230411","article-title":"Blockade of Jagged\/Notch pathway abrogates transforming growth factor \u03b22-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96365","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096365","article-title":"The complex interplay between ERK1\/2, TGF\u03b2\/Smad, and Jagged\/Notch signaling pathways in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5275","article-title":"LYTAK1, a TAK1 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5187","article-title":"LYTAK1 attenuates proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells through TGF-\u03b2-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the ERK\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-27","first-page":"706","article-title":"The roles of signaling pathways in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of PVR","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.009","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium: an important player of retinal disorders and regeneration","volume":"123","author":"Chiba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/iio.0000000000000023","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: advances in surgical management","volume":"54","author":"Coffee","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Ophthalmology Clinics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0020TR","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Craig","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.11.90","article-title":"miR-194 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells by directly targeting ZEB1","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504419102","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating tissue-specific polarity of monocarboxylate transporters and their chaperone CD147 in kidney and retinal epithelia","volume":"102","author":"Deora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3582-9","article-title":"The effects of pleiotrophin in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"255","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0080-4","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer","volume":"20","author":"Dongre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122229","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 induced transdifferentiation of rpe cells is mediated by TAK1","volume":"10","author":"Dvashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22942","article-title":"M\u00fcller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"64","author":"Eastlake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2531-0","article-title":"Myofibroblast and extracellular matrix origins in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"252","author":"Feist Jr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.30575","article-title":"Autophagy resists EMT process to maintain retinal pigment epithelium homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.09.002","article-title":"Defects in retinal pigment epithelial cell proteolysis and the pathology associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Ferrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progress in Retina and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100803","article-title":"Interactions of the choroid, Bruch\u2019s membrane, retinal pigment epithelium, and neurosensory retina collaborate to form the outer blood-retinal-barrier","volume":"76","author":"Fields","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress in Retina and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.6.1617","article-title":"Direct association of occludin with ZO-1 and its possible involvement in the localization of occludin at tight junctions","volume":"127","author":"Furuse","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.143.2.391","article-title":"A single gene product, claudin-1 or -2, reconstitutes tight junction strands and recruits occludin in fibroblasts","volume":"143","author":"Furuse","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.12.007","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta2-induced myofibroblastic differentiation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells: regulation by extracellular matrix proteins and hepatocyte growth factor","volume":"83","author":"Gamulescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.12.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in retinal detachment","volume":"58","author":"Garweg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Survey of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015730","article-title":"The tight junction associated signalling proteins ZO-1 and ZONAB regulate retinal pigment epithelium homeostasis in mice","volume":"5","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"re8","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005189","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science Signaling"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.08.009","article-title":"Tight junctions and the regulation of gene expression","volume":"36","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mariscal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0070","article-title":"Polarized secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors by retinal pigment epithelium derived from induced pluripotent stem cells during wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Greene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.01623-07","article-title":"RPEL motifs link the serum response factor cofactor MAL but not myocardin to Rho signaling via actin binding","volume":"28","author":"Guettler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2012","article-title":"Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability","volume":"93","author":"G\u00fcnzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2005.09.001","article-title":"The role of cytokines and trophic factors in epiretinal membranes: involvement of signal transduction in glial cells","volume":"25","author":"Harada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Retina and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6955","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10488","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotypic changes of retinal pigment epithelium induced by TGF-\u03b2 are prevented by PPAR-\u03b3 agonists","volume":"53","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.10.009","article-title":"Rapid differentiation of the human RPE cell line, ARPE-19, induced by nicotinamide","volume":"179","author":"Hazim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43736","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43736","article-title":"Inhibition of proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells by heavy chain-hyaluronan\/pentraxin 3","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16258","article-title":"Inhibition of DNA methylation and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 suppresses RPE transdifferentiation: relevance to proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"56","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e022259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222596","article-title":"The polyether ionophore salinomycin targets multiple cellular pathways to block proliferative vitreoretinopathy pathology","volume":"14","author":"Heffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.9.2730","article-title":"Alpha-smooth muscle actin expression upregulates fibroblast contractile activity","volume":"12","author":"Hinz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1989.94","article-title":"Cellular components of subretinal membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Hiscott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.03.113","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 attenuates TGF-\u03b21 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metabolic alterations in ARPE-19 cells","volume":"486","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/iio.0000000000000258","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A review","volume":"59","author":"Idrees","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Ophthalmology Clinics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16386","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16386","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium and development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2001.5457","article-title":"Nuclear localization of the tight junction protein ZO-2 in epithelial cells","volume":"274","author":"Islas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Experimental Cell Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.10.017","article-title":"Inhibition of RhoA\/Rho-kinase pathway suppresses the expression of type I collagen induced by TGF-beta2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"84","author":"Itoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-64","first-page":"2782","article-title":"Regulation of RPE intercellular junction integrity and function by hepatocyte growth factor","volume":"43","author":"Jin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0355","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor and its role in the pathogenesis of retinal detachment","volume":"45","author":"Jin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000001350","article-title":"TRAUMATIC PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY: clinical and histopathological observations","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2008.06.008","article-title":"Collagen fibrillogenesis: fibronectin, integrins, and minor collagens as organizers and nucleators","volume":"20","author":"Kadler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1172\/jci39104","article-title":"The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"119","author":"Kalluri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.4.5","article-title":"Biological involvement of micrornas in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"6","author":"Kaneko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Translational Vision Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000447","article-title":"Clinical management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: an update","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7191","article-title":"Regulation of fibronectin-EDA through CTGF domain-specific interactions with TGF\u03b22 and its receptor TGF\u03b2RII","volume":"52","author":"Khankan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7553-2_15","article-title":"Polarized Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Exhibits Distinct Surface Proteome on Apical and Basal Plasma Membranes","volume":"1722","author":"Khristov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-015-1289-8","article-title":"Attenuation of EMT in RPE cells and subretinal fibrosis by an RAR-\u03b3 agonist","volume":"93","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3758","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"15","author":"Lamouille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114301","article-title":"Diesel particulate matter2.5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"262","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21424","article-title":"Rho plays a key role in TGF-beta1-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement in human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"216","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26618","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.073155","article-title":"Smad3 regulates Rho signaling via NET1 in the transforming growth factor-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"285","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.08.001","article-title":"Thrombin promotes the expression of Ccnd1 gene in RPE cells through the activation of converging signaling pathways","volume":"139","author":"Lee-Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.04.021","article-title":"Plasma membrane protein polarity and trafficking in RPE cells: past, present and future","volume":"126","author":"Lehmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.02.119","article-title":"Overexpression of Snail in retinal pigment epithelial triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"446","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-81","first-page":"625","article-title":"Gremlin-1: an endogenous BMP antagonist induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and interferes with redifferentiation in fetal RPE cells with repeated wounds","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.03.86","article-title":"RPE epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.04.007","article-title":"Role of lysophosphatidic acid in the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors","volume":"1863","author":"Lidgerwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2005.08.009","article-title":"The regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion by tyrosine phosphorylation\/dephosphorylation of beta-catenin","volume":"17","author":"Lilien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cell Biology"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.126","article-title":"Cytokines in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Limb","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.12.018","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases as input and output signals for post-myocardial infarction remodeling","volume":"91","author":"Lindsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-87","first-page":"483","article-title":"MAP kinase and beta-catenin signaling in HGF induced RPE migration","volume":"8","author":"Liou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1061-y","article-title":"TRPM7 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer through the calcium-related PI3K \/AKT oncogenic signaling","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2911","article-title":"Zeb1 represses Mitf and regulates pigment synthesis, cell proliferation, and epithelial morphology","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.10.001","article-title":"Development of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculatures in the fetal human eye","volume":"62","author":"Lutty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.1","article-title":"Protein Kinase A Inhibitor H89 Attenuates Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy","volume":"61","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90862-4","article-title":"Pigment epithelium proliferation in retinal detachment (massive periretinal proliferation)","volume":"80","author":"Machemer","year":"1975","journal-title":"American journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1622","article-title":"Confluent monolayers of cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelium exhibit morphology and physiology of native tissue","volume":"47","author":"Maminishkis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.08.016","article-title":"The phospholipase D pathway mediates the inflammatory response of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"55","author":"Mateos","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181481","article-title":"Suppressive effect of AMP-activated protein kinase on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Matoba","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216675245","article-title":"Minireview: fibronectin in retinal disease","volume":"242","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E14-03-0800","article-title":"Effects of high glucose on integrin activity and fibronectin matrix assembly by mesangial cells","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00278-2","article-title":"Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL","volume":"113","author":"Miralles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300581","article-title":"Surgical outcome and risk stratification for primary retinal detachment repair: results from the Scottish Retinal Detachment study","volume":"96","author":"Mitry","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269787","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/269787","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy after eye injuries: an overexpression of growth factors and cytokines leading to a retinal keloid","volume":"2013","author":"Morescalchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators of Inflammation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0724-4","article-title":"A brief review of the histopathology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)","volume":"34","author":"Mudhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.04.006","article-title":"A TGF-\u03b2 receptor 1 inhibitor for prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"123","author":"Nassar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010211","article-title":"Tight junctions of the outer blood retina barrier","volume":"21","author":"Naylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094291","article-title":"Convergence of Wnt, beta-catenin, and cadherin pathways","volume":"303","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01325-x","article-title":"Distinct serum and vitreous inflammation-related factor profiles in patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700865","article-title":"Tight junctions\/adherens junctions: basic structure and function","volume":"127","author":"Niessen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051730","article-title":"Junctional adhesion molecule-C regulates vascular endothelial permeability by modulating VE-cadherin-mediated cell\u2013cell contacts","volume":"203","author":"Orlova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2020.1730882","article-title":"Neferine inhibits epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells through downregulating p38 MAPK and PI3K\/AKT signalling","volume":"39","author":"Ozal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24165","article-title":"Thrombin induces slug-mediated E-cadherin transcriptional repression and the parallel up-regulation of N-cadherin by a transcription-independent mechanism in RPE cells","volume":"228","author":"Palma-Nicol\u00e1s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.12.023","article-title":"ERK1\/2-dependent activation of mTOR\/mTORC1\/p70S6K regulates thrombin-induced RPE cell proliferation","volume":"25","author":"Parrales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cellular Signalling"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: a new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical consequences","volume":"51","author":"Pastor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progress in Retina and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0195-z","article-title":"Mesenchymal-epithelial transition in development and reprogramming","volume":"21","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.12.006","article-title":"Is neutralizing vitreal growth factors a viable strategy to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy?","volume":"40","author":"Pennock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Progress in Retina and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.08.043","article-title":"A novel strategy to develop therapeutic approaches to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"179","author":"Pennock","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13383","article-title":"Water channels and barriers formed by claudins","volume":"1397","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22347","article-title":"Thrombin promotes actin stress fiber formation in RPE through Rho\/ROCK-mediated MLC phosphorylation","volume":"226","author":"Ruiz-Loredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0406-6","article-title":"P38 inhibition reverses TGF\u03b21 and TNF\u03b1-induced contraction in a model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Schiff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123862","article-title":"Bicellular tight junctions and wound healing","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104219","article-title":"Tight junctions and cell polarity","volume":"22","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124271","article-title":"EMT and EndMT: emerging roles in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001","article-title":"Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: the dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progress in Retina and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108072","article-title":"Dichloroacetate prevents TGF\u03b2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"197","author":"Shukal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2017.08.004","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: epigenetic reprogramming driving cellular plasticity","volume":"33","author":"Skrypek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.201600075","article-title":"The role of apical cell\u2013cell junctions and associated cytoskeleton in mechanotransduction","volume":"109","author":"Sluysmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology of the Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.33","article-title":"A protocol for the culture and differentiation of highly polarized human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"4","author":"Sonoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215587530","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation","volume":"240","author":"Stern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2464-0","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and fibrosis","volume":"365","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16300","article-title":"Merlin regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of ARPE-19 cells via TAK1-p38MAPK-mediated activation","volume":"56","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.056523","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates transforming growth factor-beta-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition by promoting hyaluronan-CD44-moesin interaction","volume":"285","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.008","article-title":"Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"142","author":"Tamiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4725","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells initiated upon loss of cell\u2013cell contact","volume":"51","author":"Tamiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524017666170619113435","article-title":"Proteotoxic stress desensitizes TGF-beta signaling through receptor downregulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143578","article-title":"The cytoskeleton of the retinal pigment epithelium: from normal aging to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"20","author":"Tarau","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(83)34588-7","article-title":"The classification of retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"90","author":"The Retina Society Terminology Committee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm809","article-title":"Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling","volume":"3","author":"Tomasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24606","article-title":"Disease pathways in proliferative vitreoretinopathy: an ongoing challenge","volume":"229","author":"Tosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206821200","article-title":"The tight junction protein ZO-2 localizes to the nucleus and interacts with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein scaffold attachment factor-B","volume":"278","author":"Traweger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-07-0567","article-title":"The RhoA activator GEF-H1\/Lfc is a transforming growth factor-beta target gene and effector that regulates alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and cell migration","volume":"21","author":"Tsapara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve066","article-title":"Perturbation of the tight junction permeability barrier by occludin loop peptides activates beta-catenin\/TCF\/LEF-mediated transcription","volume":"2","author":"Vietor","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2015.08.001","article-title":"Eye drop delivery of pigment epithelium-derived factor-34 promotes retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and axon regeneration","volume":"68","author":"Vigneswara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167684","article-title":"MicroRNA-182 suppresses HGF\/SF-induced increases in retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation and migration through targeting c-Met","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/wjtcm.wjtcm_16_19","article-title":"Anluohuaxianwan alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Gamma and downregulation of nuclear factor-Kappa B\/I & #954;B & #945; signaling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-125856","article-title":"MicroRNA-204\/211 alters epithelial physiology","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.011102.111135","article-title":"Cadulators of cellular phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Wheelock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.190306","article-title":"Surgical failure following primary retinal detachment surgery by vitrectomy: risk factors and functional outcomes","volume":"95","author":"Wickham","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.02.040","article-title":"Pharmacotherapies for retinal detachment","volume":"123","author":"Wubben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12212","article-title":"Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppresses proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0237-9","article-title":"Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191279","article-title":"Cadherins in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) revisited: P-cadherin is the highly dominant cadherin expressed in human and mouse RPE in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152687","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 mediates transforming growth factor beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800858RR","article-title":"BMP7 antagonizes proliferative vitreoretinopathy through retinal pigment epithelial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1766-x","article-title":"The PI3K\/Akt pathway mediates the expression of type I collagen induced by TGF-\u03b22 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"250","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14827","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs in ocular diseases: new and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Febs j"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2018.07.08","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and PI3K\/Akt pathways","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-016-1484-x","article-title":"Notch signaling modulates proliferative vitreoretinopathy via regulating retinal pigment epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histochemistry and Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.03.021","article-title":"Knockdown of survivin results in inhibition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells by attenuating the TGF\u03b2 pathway","volume":"498","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1159\/000489246","article-title":"Protective effects of fucoidan on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells and progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524017666171106115655","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells via multiple pathways","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00501","article-title":"Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10136\/ref-161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.07.120","article-title":"Identification and characterization of proliferative retinopathy-related long noncoding RNAs","volume":"465","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10136.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10136.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10136.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10136.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T19:11:39Z","timestamp":1669230699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"references-count":161,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.10136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.10136","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10136v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10136v0.2\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10136v0.2\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10136v0.1\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10136v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"article-number":"e10136"}}