{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T04:25:40Z","timestamp":1773980740235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal Grant of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","award":["B04_18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B04_18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-vocal, or unvoiced, signals surprisingly have received very little attention until recently especially when compared to other acoustic signals. Some sounds made by terrestrial vertebrates are produced not only by the larynx but also by the syrinx. Furthermore, some birds are known to produce several types of non-syrinx sounds. Besides mechanical sounds produced by feathers, bills and\/or wings, sounds can be also produced by constriction, anywhere along the pathway from the lungs to the lips or nostrils (in mammals), or to the bill (in birds), resulting in turbulent, aerodynamic sounds. These noises often emulate whispering, snorting or hissing. Even though hissing sounds have been studied in mammals and reptiles, only a few studies have analyzed hissing sounds in birds. Presently, only the hissing of small, nesting passerines as a defense against their respective predators have been studied. We studied hissing in domestic goose. This bird represents a ground nesting non-passerine bird which frequently produces hissing out of the nest in comparison to passerines producing hissing during nesting in holes e.g., parids. Compared to vocally produced alarm calls, almost nothing is known about how non-vocal hissing sounds potentially encode information about a caller\u2019s identity. Therefore, we aimed to test whether non-vocal air expirations can encode an individual\u2019s identity similar to those sounds generated by the syrinx or the larynx. We analyzed 217 hissing sounds from 22 individual geese. We calculated the Potential for Individual Coding (PIC) comparing the coefficient of variation both within and among individuals. In addition, we conducted a series of 15 a stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) models. All 16 acoustic variables showed a higher coefficient of variation among individuals. Twelve DFA models revealed 51.2\u201354.4% classification result (cross-validated output) and all 15 models showed 60.8\u201368.2% classification output based on conventional DFA in comparison to a 4.5% success rate when classification by chance. This indicates the stability of the DFA results even when using different combinations of variables. Our findings showed that an individual\u2019s identity could be encoded with respect to the energy distribution at the beginning of a signal and the lowest frequencies. Body weight did not influence an individual\u2019s sound expression. Recognition of hissing mates in dangerous situations could increase the probability of their surviving via a more efficient anti-predator response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:36:07Z","timestamp":1606210567000},"page":"e10197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hissing of geese: caller identity encoded in a non-vocal acoustic signal"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Policht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlastimil","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10197\/ref-1","first-page":"243","article-title":"How to vocally identify kin in a crowd: The penguin model","volume-title":"Advances in the Study of Behavior","author":"Aubin","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10197\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1112","article-title":"Penguins use the two-voice system to recognize each other","volume":"267","author":"Aubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10197\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-007-0262-6","article-title":"Acoustic communication in the Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla: potential cues for sexual and individual signatures in long calls","volume":"30","author":"Aubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10197\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12374","article-title":"The snake hiss: potential acoustic mimicry in a viper\u2013colubrid complex","volume":"113","author":"Aubret","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10197\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02147.x","article-title":"Sibling recognition in Bank swallows (Riparia riparia)","volume":"62","author":"Beecher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10197\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-3472(81)80156-x","article-title":"Parent-offspring recognition in Bank swallows (Riparia riparia). 2. 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