{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:16:46Z","timestamp":1790799406792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biomechanical studies of walk, especially walk on the circle, are scarce, while circles or curved tracks are frequently used during equestrian activities. To study horse\u2013rider\u2013circle interactions on the circle, the first steps would be to investigate how the unridden, freely walking horse is influenced by circular movement, and then add a rider. The aim was to study horse vertical trunk movements, and sagittal cannon angles (protraction\u2013retraction) during walk in straight-line and on the circle without rider, and on the circle with a rider using minimal influence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten horses were ridden by five riders, summing to 14 trials. Each trial included straight walk unridden (on concrete), and walk on 10 m diameter circles (left and right on soft surface) first lunged (unridden) and then ridden with minimal rider influence. Inertial measurement units (100 Hz) were positioned on the withers, third sacral vertebra (S3) and laterally on metacarpal and metatarsal bones (using self-adhesive bandage). Selected data were split in steps (withers and S3 vertical translations) or strides (cannon protraction\u2013retraction) at maximum hind limb protraction, and range of motion (ROM), minima and maxima, and their timing, were extracted. Data were analyzed using mixed models with inner\/outer\/straight nested within unridden\/ridden as fixed effect, and controlling for stride duration. Differences between: inner vs outer steps\/limbs; the same step\/limb unridden vs ridden; and the same step\/limb straight vs inner\/outer unridden; were examined for statistical significance at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inner limbs had smaller cannon ROM than outer limbs, for example, forelimbs when ridden (inner vs outer 62\u00b0 vs 63\u00b0) and hind limbs when unridden (53\u00b0 vs 56\u00b0). Forelimb cannon ROM was the largest for straight (65\u00b0). Hind limb ROM for straight walk (55\u00b0) was in-between inner (52\u201353\u00b0) and outer hind limbs (56\u201357\u00b0). Vertical ROM of S3 was larger during the inner (unridden\/ridden 0.050\/0.052 m) vs the outer step (unridden\/ridden 0.049\/0.051 m). Inner (0.050 m) and outer steps (0.049 m) unridden had smaller S3 ROM compared to straight steps (unridden, 0.054 m). Compared to when unridden, withers ROM was smaller when ridden: inner hind steps unridden\/ridden 0.020 vs 0.015 m and outer hind steps 0.020 vs 0.013 m. When ridden, withers ROM was larger during the inner hind step vs the outer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outer hind limb had greater cannon pro-retraction ROM, compared to the inner limb. Larger croup ROM during the inner step appears to be coupled to increased retraction of the outer hind limb. Knowledge of magnitudes and timing of the horse\u2019s movements on the circle in unridden and ridden walk may stimulate riders to educate eye and feel in analyzing the execution of circles, and stimulate further studies of the walk, for example, on interactions with rider influence, natural horse asymmetries, or lameness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T03:31:45Z","timestamp":1605670305000},"page":"e10354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Kinematic effects of the circle with and without rider in walking horses"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Agneta","family":"Egenvall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ekeskogs Riding Academy, Ekeskogs Riding Academy, Klintehamn, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-8244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Bystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-1","volume-title":"Guide to veterinary services for horse shows","author":"AAEP Horse Show Committee","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00063.x","article-title":"Kinematics of saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses performing collected walk on a treadmill","volume":"42","author":"Bystr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204548","article-title":"Biomechanical findings in horses showing asymmetrical vertical excursions of the withers at walk","volume":"13","author":"Bystr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054406946","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of the equine distal forelimb: effects of a sharp turn at the walk","volume":"37","author":"Chateau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05221.x","article-title":"The effects of a rider\u2019s mass on ground reaction forces and fetlock kinematics at the trot","volume":"30","author":"Clayton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.07.849","article-title":"Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks in horses","volume":"56","author":"Clayton","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044848000","article-title":"Effects of girth, saddle and weight on movements of the horse","volume":"36","author":"DeCocq","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.10.010","article-title":"Withers vertical movement asymmetry in dressage horses walking in different head-neck positions with and without riders","volume":"36","author":"Egenvall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP140024","article-title":"A snapshot of the training schedule for 8 professional riders riding dressage","volume":"11","author":"Eisersi\u00f6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comparative Exercise Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0210081","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030622","article-title":"Passive dynamics explain quadrupedal walking, trotting, and t\u00f6lting","volume":"11","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-11","volume-title":"Grundausbildung f\u00fcr Reiter und Pferd. Richtlinien f\u00fcr Reiten und Fahren. Band 1","author":"Hess","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00334.x","article-title":"The difference in kinematics of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a flat and banked 10 m circle","volume":"43","author":"Hobbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777032237","article-title":"The forelimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces","volume":"32","author":"Hodson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776767485","article-title":"The hind limb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces","volume":"33","author":"Hodson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.04.003","article-title":"The six determinants of gait and the inverted pendulum analogy: a dynamic walking perspective","volume":"26","author":"Kuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"Suppl. 38","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00289.x","article-title":"Preliminary report into the function of the shoulder using a novel imaging and motion capture approach","volume":"42","author":"Lawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP180002","article-title":"Effect of different head and neck positions on kinematics of elite dressage horses ridden at walk on treadmill","volume":"14","author":"Rhodin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comparative Exercise"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-18","first-page":"120","article-title":"Ground reaction force analysis of horses ridden at the walk and trot","volume":"3","author":"Schamhardt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Equine Exercise Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1017\/ECP200693","article-title":"Effects of manipulative therapy on the longissimus dorsi in the equine back","volume":"3","author":"Wakeling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology"},{"issue":"S36","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05574.x","article-title":"Effect of head and neck position on vertical ground reaction forces and interlimb coordination in the dressage horse ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill","volume":"38","author":"Weishaupt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"Suppl. 38","key":"10.7717\/peerj.10354\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00190.x","article-title":"Velocity-dependent changes of time, force and spatial parameters in Warmblood horses walking and trotting on a treadmill","volume":"42","author":"Weishaupt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10354.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10354.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10354.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10354.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1723895436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/10354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.10354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.10354","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10354v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10354v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.10354v0.2\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"article-number":"e10354"}}