{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:39:26Z","timestamp":1772267966679,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lublin, Poland","award":["PW369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PW369"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to excessive alcohol consumption dysregulates immune signaling. The programed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand PD-L1 play a critical role in the protection against immune-mediated tissue damage. The aim of our study was evaluation of the PD-1\/PDL-1 expression on peripheral T and B lymphocytes, its correlation with markers of inflammation and the severity of liver dysfunction in the course of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-six inpatients with ALD (38 males, 18 females, aged 49.23 \u00b1 10.66) were prospectively enrolled and assigned to subgroups based on their: (1) gender, (2) severity of liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh, MELD scores, mDF), (3) presence of ALD complications, and followed for 30 days. Twenty-five age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers served as the control group. Flow cytometric analysis of the PD-1\/PD-L1 expression on peripheral lymphocyte subsets were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General frequencies of PD-1\/PD-L1 positive T and B subsets did not differ between the ALD and control group. When patients were analyzed based on their gender, significantly higher frequencies of PD1\/PD-L1 positive B cells in ALD females compared to controls were observed. ALD females presented with significantly higher frequencies of PD-1+ and PD-L1+ B cells, as well as PD-L1+ all T cell subsets in comparison with ALD males. The same gender pattern of the PD-1\/PDL1 expression was found in the subgroups with mDF &gt; 32 and MELD &gt; 20. No correlations of PD-1+ and PD-L1+ lymphocyte percentages with mDF, CTP and MELD scores, nor with complications of ALD were observed. Significant correlations of PD-L1 positive B cell frequencies with conventional markers of inflammation were found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-related differences in the frequencies of PD-1\/PD-L1 positive T and B cells were observed in patients with ALD. Upregulation of PD-1+\/PD-L1+ lymphocytes paralleled both the severity of alcoholic hepatitis and liver dysfunction in ALD females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:48:11Z","timestamp":1611114491000},"page":"e10518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gender-related disparities in the frequencies of PD-1 and PD-L1 positive peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes in patients with alcohol-related liver disease: a single center pilot study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Kasztelan-Szczerbinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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