{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:43:44Z","timestamp":1791607424812,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MOST 108-2635-B-037-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2635-B-037-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["M108014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M108014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Rosacea is a common inflammatory disease of facial skin. Dysregulation of innate immunity with enhanced inflammation and increased abundance of LL-37 at the epidermal site is a characteristic feature of rosacea. Cinnamtannin B1 (CB1) is a condensed tannin with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. The aims of the study were to evaluate the potential of CB1 as a therapy for rosacea and to characterize the potential mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We intraperitoneally administered 20 mg\/kg CB1 once daily for 2 days into the LL-37-induced mouse model of rosacea. The effects of CB1 in vivo were evaluated by the observations of lesions, histology, immunohistochemistry, and the transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Human keratinocyte HaCaT and monocyte THP-1 were used to characterize the effects of CB1 on LL-37-induced inflammation in vitro. The changes in pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expressions of genes involved were determined by Western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>CB1 attenuated local redness, inflammation, and neutrophil recruitment in the mouse model of rosacea in vivo. CB1 suppressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) production, a functional homolog of interleukin-8 (IL-8), at the lesions. In vitro experiments confirmed that CB1 reversed the LL-37-induced IL-8 production in human keratinocytes HaCaT and monocyte THP-1 cells. CB1 inhibited IL-8 production through downregulating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>CB1 attenuated LL-37-induced inflammation, specifically IL-8 production, through inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK. CB1 has potential as a treatment for rosacea.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T10:21:11Z","timestamp":1608546071000},"page":"e10548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cinnamtannin B1 attenuates rosacea-like signs via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and down-regulation of the MAPK pathway"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hung-Lin","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Hua","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Lung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsun-Shuo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ih-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10548\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20163541","article-title":"Skin barrier in rosacea","volume":"91","author":"Addor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.10548\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.05.048","article-title":"The burden of skin diseases: 2004 - 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