{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:57:39Z","timestamp":1782442659102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81971249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2015CB553504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB553504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Research Program of China","award":["2016YFC0800908-Z02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0800908-Z02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Internet gaming disorder (IGD) was listed in the appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as a condition requiring further study in 2013, and gaming disorder (GD) was considered a mental disorder and listed in the 11th International Classification of Diseases Manual (ICD-11) in 2018. The study aims to obtain preliminary knowledge of the recognition of GD in China.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 223 Chinese patients who met both the ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria for GD participated in the study, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, gaming use characteristics, and previous diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The average age of patients with GD was 20.5 years, and 71.3% were male. Most patients were diagnosed with emotion-related disorders at their first psychiatric visit: mood disorders (59.2%), bipolar affective disorder (18.4%), depressive episode (12.6%), and anxiety disorder (4.9%). Among the adolescent patients with a first diagnosis of mood disorders, 71.2% and 33.3% were diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder and personality disorders, respectively, at subsequent visits. Overall, after the first visit, the most common diagnosis was bipolar affective disorder (61.0%), followed by personality disorders (34.1%), mood disorders (17.0%), depressive episode (17.0%), and other disorders. Only three patients had Internet overuse.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The identification rate of GD is extremely low in routine psychiatric clinical practice in China. Most patients with GD were previously misdiagnosed with emotion-related disorders. Psychiatrists should be trained to improve their ability to recognize and manage GD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T10:20:05Z","timestamp":1612434005000},"page":"e10827","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The recognition of gaming disorder in China: a case series of 223 patients"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tianli","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Comorbid Somatic 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