{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:02:53Z","timestamp":1770418973187,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004685","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004685","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16614, 72286, 9942, 123206 and 202902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16614, 72286, 9942, 123206 and 202902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Xanthomonas<\/jats:italic> spp. causes bacterial spot disease, which reduces quality and yield of pepper crops in Mexico. Identification of phytopathogen species is necessary to implement more effective control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim of this study was to isolate and identify infecting <jats:italic>Xanthomonas<\/jats:italic> species in South Central Chihuahua pepper-producing areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diseased plants were collected from 30 cultivation lots and bacteria were isolated from damaged tissues. Potential causative agents were isolated, identified, and characterized by biochemical and molecular analysis. Pathogenicity tests from each isolate were then performed on 30-d-old pepper seedlings, exposing five leaves to 10 \u00b5L of 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL bacterial suspensions of each isolate, using sterile distilled water as a control. Disease severity was determined after 10 d by calculating leaf damage percentage. Furthermore, we evaluated the susceptibility of the highest bacterial spot severity-causing isolates (13 isolates) to copper sulphate (CuS), copper gluconate (CuG), copper oxychloride + oxytetracycline hydrochloride (Cu + Ox), gentamicin + oxytetracycline hydrochloride (Gen + Ox), and gentamicin sulphate (GenS). Copper-resistance genes (<jats:italic>copLAB<\/jats:italic>) were detected by PCR analysis among isolates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thirty-seven foliage isolates were identified as <jats:italic>Xanthomonas euvesicatoria<\/jats:italic> (14%), which were associated with bacterial spot disease in jalape\u00f1o pepper. Tested <jats:italic>Xanthomonas<\/jats:italic> isolates were resistant to Cu-based compounds, but susceptible to Cu + Ox. All isolates were susceptible to Gen + Ox and GenS. <jats:italic>CopLAB<\/jats:italic> genes were detected in all but one strain.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>X. euvesicatoria<\/jats:italic> (formally <jats:italic>X. perforans<\/jats:italic>) may be considered as an emerging pathogen of bacterial spot pepper in Mexico. Among disease management strategies, alternatives to copper should be taken into consideration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T09:51:51Z","timestamp":1613382711000},"page":"e10913","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Prevalence of <i>Xanthomonas euvesicatoria<\/i> (formally <i>X. perforans<\/i>) associated with bacterial spot severity in <i>Capsicum annuum<\/i> crops in South Central Chihuahua, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jared","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Campus 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-2340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia","family":"Tamez-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9518-4433","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gomez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma. Carmen E.","family":"Delgado-Gardea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Nuevo Campus, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita S.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Circuito Nuevo Campus, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Robles-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua, Campus 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Infante-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma 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