{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:34:26Z","timestamp":1768703666358,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center","award":["2017HXFWBHQ.LSQ.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017HXFWBHQ.LSQ.01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer (<jats:italic>Elaphurus davidianus<\/jats:italic>) population was established from only a small number of individuals. Their genetic diversity is therefore relatively low and transmissible (parasitic) diseases affecting them merit further attention. Parasitic infections can affect the health, survival, and population development of the host. However, few reports have been published on the gastrointestinal parasites of P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the intestinal parasites groups in P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer; (2) to determine their prevalence and burden and clarify the effects of different seasons and regions on various indicators of P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer intestinal parasites; (3) to evaluate the effects of the P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer reproductive period on these parasites; (4) to reveal the regularity of the parasites in space and time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 1,345 P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer faecal samples from four regions during four seasons were tested using the flotation (saturated sodium nitrate solution) to identify parasites of different genus or group, and the McMaster technique to count the number of eggs or oocysts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four groups of gastrointestinal parasites were found, of which strongyles were dominant; their prevalence and burden were significantly higher than other groups. Significant temporal and spatial effects on gastrointestinal parasitic infection were found. Parasite diversity, prevalence, parasite burden, and aggregation were the highest in summer. Among the four regions, parasite diversity, prevalence, and burden were the highest in the Dongting Lake area. In addition, parasite diversity and burden during the reproductive period of P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer was significantly higher than during the post-reproductive period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The summer season and the reproductive period of P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer had great potential for parasite transmission, and there is a high risk of parasite outbreaks in the Dongting Lake area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T08:20:27Z","timestamp":1620202827000},"page":"e11335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temporal and spatial dynamics of gastrointestinal parasite infection in P\u00e8re David\u2019s deer"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shanghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baofeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiade","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11335\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x","article-title":"Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"Altizer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.11335\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2307\/3933","article-title":"Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions: I. 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