{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:36:21Z","timestamp":1787726181657,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has so far infected almost a hundred of millions of people and caused more than a million of death across the world. Many serological tests have been developed to track down virus infection in community via identification of antibodies against SARS-CoV2 virus. However, the tests vary in sensitivity, specificity, complexity, and speed. Here, I developed a simple, one-step, quick test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV2 N (scN) nucleocapsid protein via direct visualization of antigen-antibody reaction. A total of 40 serum samples of SARS-CoV2 patients were purchased from RayBiotech. A total of 50 pre-pandemic human serum samples from San Diego Blood Bank were used as negative controls. After performing the one-step quick test of these 90 serum samples, I found that 39 samples are positive for anti-scN antibodies. All of the 39 positives are from the 40 SARS-CoV2 patients, suggesting that the one-step test is more sensitive than the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), the most widely used rapid antibody test. None of the 50 pre-pandemic samples is positive for anti-scN antibodies, indicating that the one-step test has an excellent specificity. The one-step test takes only ~5 min to detect the antibodies; and 1 ml of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    culture can produce reagent proteins sufficient for thousands of the tests. Since the one-step test does not need a secondary antibody, it can be used as a universal test for anti-scN antibodies across different mammalian species to track down both human infection and the animal reservoir of SARS-CoV2 virus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T03:23:15Z","timestamp":1619493795000},"page":"e11381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A novel one-step quick assay for detection of SARS-COV2 antibodies across mammalian species"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xianjin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0187-1","article-title":"Colour compound lenses for a portable fluorescence microscope","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light: Science & Applications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00647-20","article-title":"The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2: a target for vaccine development","volume":"94","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa112","article-title":"Review of current advances in serologic testing for COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"Espejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25727","article-title":"Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00569","article-title":"The rapid coronavirus antibody test: can we improve accuracy?","volume":"7","author":"Pavlova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.4.506-513.2003","article-title":"Immunological methods for detection and identification of infectious disease and biological warfare agents","volume":"10","author":"Peruski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11381\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.007","article-title":"Preventing further misuse of the ELISA technique and misinterpretation of serological antibody assay data","volume":"34","author":"Terato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/11381.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/11381.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/11381.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/11381.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T03:23:20Z","timestamp":1619493800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/11381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":7,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.11381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.11381","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.11381v0.2\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.11381v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.11381v0.1\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.11381v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.11381v0.2\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.11381v0.2\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"article-number":"e11381"}}