{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:59:42Z","timestamp":1778011182764,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization) Thailand,"},{"name":"Thai Medicinal Plants Cluster","award":["CRP6305030040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP6305030040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cannabinoids; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), might show antibacterial activity. <jats:italic>Trema orientalis<\/jats:italic> is a species in the Cannabaceae that is closely related to <jats:italic>Cannabis<\/jats:italic> through plastome phylogenetic evidence. This species is widely distributed throughout tropical Asia and is used as traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, no studies on the antibacterial activity of cannabinoid-containing inflorescences extracts are available. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine cannabinoid content and antibacterial activity of inflorescences fractions from <jats:italic>T. orientalis<\/jats:italic> native to Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We hypothesized that inflorescences from <jats:italic>T. orientalis<\/jats:italic> might display cannabinoids similar to <jats:italic>Cannabis<\/jats:italic> because of their close taxonomic relationship. We extracted the mature inflorescences and infructescence of <jats:italic>T. orientalis<\/jats:italic> in three disparate populations from different Thailand floristic regions. Extractions were subsequently partitioned into hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions using distilled water and chloroform. The lipophilic extracts were further fractionated by the column chromatography with gradient elution and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characterized cannabinoids were used in bioassays with multidrug-resistance bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lipophilic extracts and fractions of inflorescences from all Thailand floristic regions consistently displayed cannabinoids (THC, CBD and CBN) in various quantities. These extracts exhibited inhibitory activity for <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values varying from 31.25 to 125 \u00b5g\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Our study is the first to report cannabinoid detection in extracts from inflorescences of <jats:italic>T. orientalis,<\/jats:italic> a species in the Cannabaceae. These extracts and their fractions containing cannabinoids showed pronounced antibacterial activity. The use of analytic methods also demonstrated reproducible cannabinoid extraction.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T07:53:46Z","timestamp":1620892426000},"page":"e11446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of <i>Trema orientalis<\/i> (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tiwtawat","family":"Napiroon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keerati","family":"Tanruean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pisit","family":"Poolprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Bacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Balslev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoinformatics Section, Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manop","family":"Poopath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation, The Forest Herbarium, Forest Botany Division, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wichai","family":"Santimaleeworagun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Department of Pharmacy, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11446\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.112852","article-title":"Trema orientalis Linn. 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