{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:49:22Z","timestamp":1790218162089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NORHED"},{"name":"SENUPH","award":["ETH-13\/0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETH-13\/0025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common type of nutritional anemia in low-income countries, including Ethiopia. However, there is limited data on iron deficiency anemia prevalence and associated factors in Ethiopia, particularly for children aged 2 to 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and associated risk factors, focusing on iron-rich food consumption among children aged 2 to 5 years in southern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in southern Ethiopia in 2017, involving 331 randomly selected children aged 2 to 5 years old. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about the children and the households. Venous blood was collected from each child in a test tube to measure hemoglobin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Hemoglobin levels were determined using Hemocue\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      301 and adjusted for altitude. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin levels &lt;11 g\/dl. Ferritin was adjusted for inflammation based on CRP concentration and low ferritin concentration defined as adjusted ferritin concentration &lt;12 \u00b5g\/L. IDA was considered when a child had both hemoglobin level &lt;11g\/dl and low ferritin concentration. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify factors associated with IDA and iron-rich food consumption.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 25%, and the total anemia prevalence was 32%. Only 15% of children consumed iron-rich foods in the preceding 24 h, and 30% of children consumed iron-rich foods at least once in the preceding week. IDA decreased as the height for age z-score increased (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.7; 95% CI [0.5\u20130.9]). Mothers with increased educational level (AOR 1.1; 1.0\u20131.2) and households with increased dietary diversity (AOR 1.4; 1.2\u20131.6) consumed more iron-rich foods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iron deficiency anaemia was a moderate public health problem in southern Ethiopia, and the iron-rich food consumption was low. Interventions should focus on food supplementation and fortification, food diversification and nutritional education, and promoting women\u2019s education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T04:28:29Z","timestamp":1624854509000},"page":"e11649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Iron deficiency anemia among children aged 2\u20135 years in southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alemselam Zebdewos","family":"Orsango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wossene","family":"Habtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadesse","family":"Lejisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eskindir","family":"Loha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Chr. 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