{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:40:47Z","timestamp":1740170447380,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Programme scholarship","award":["PHD\/0224\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0224\/2560"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University","award":["018\/2562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["018\/2562"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bovine babesiosis caused by <jats:italic>Babesia bovis (B. bovi<\/jats:italic>s) has had a significant effect on the mobility and mortality rates of the cattle industry worldwide. Live-attenuated vaccines are currently being used in many endemic countries, but their wide use has been limited for a number of reasons. Although recombinant vaccines have been proposed as an alternative to live vaccines, such vaccines are not commercially available to date. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is one of the leading candidates in the development of a vaccine against diseases caused by apicomplexan parasite species. In <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>) AMA-1 (PfAMA-1), several antibodies against epitopes in the plasminogen, apple, and nematode (PAN) motif of PfAMA-1 domain I significantly inhibited parasite growth. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict an epitope from the PAN motif of domain I in the <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> AMA-1 (BbAMA-1) using a combination of linear and conformational B-cell epitope prediction software. The selected epitope was then bioinformatically analyzed, synthesized as a peptide (sBbAMA-1), and then used to immunize a rabbit. Subsequently, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> growth- and the invasion-inhibitory effects of the rabbit antiserum were immunologically characterized.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results demonstrated that the predicted BbAMA-1 epitope was located on the surface-exposed \u03b1-helix of the PAN motif in domain I at the apex area between residues 181 and 230 with six polymorphic sites. Subsequently, sBbAMA-1 elicited antibodies capable of recognizing the native BbAMA-1 in immunoassays. Furthermore, anti-serum against sBbAMA-1 was immunologically evaluated for its growth- and invasion-inhibitory effects on <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> merozoites <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Our results demonstrated that the rabbit anti-sBbAMA-1 serum at a dilution of 1:5 significantly inhibited (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) the growth of <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> merozoites by approximately 50\u201370% on days 3 and 4 of cultivation, along with the invasion of merozoites by approximately 60% within 4 h of incubation when compared to the control groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results indicate that the epitope predicted from the PAN motif of BbAMA-1 domain I is neutralization-sensitive and may serve as a target antigen for vaccine development against bovine babesiosis caused by <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1626421936000},"page":"e11765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structural and 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