{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:42:04Z","timestamp":1772268124702,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Walailak University","award":["WU-IRG-63-085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU-IRG-63-085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The increasing prevalence of broad-spectrum ampicillin-resistant and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n , particularly\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , has become a global concern, with its clinical impacts on both human and veterinary medicine. This study examined the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular genetic features of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates from 10 types of raw vegetables.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In total, 305 samples were collected from 9 markets in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n ESBL-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were found in 14 of the 305 samples obtained from 7 out of 10 types of vegetables (4.6% of the total). Further, 14 ESBL-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a05\/14) and\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a09\/14) (1.6% and 3.0%, respectively) were highly sensitive to \u03b2-lactam\/carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem, 100%). ESBL-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a04) and\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a08) were also sensitive to non-\u03b2-lactam aminoglycosides (amikacin, 80.00% and 88.89%, respectively). ESBL producers were most resistant to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, including ampicillin (85.71%) and the cephalosporins cefotaxime and ceftazidime (64.29%). The most frequently detected gene in ESBL-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n was\n \n bla\n SHV<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n . However, two ESBL-producing\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates also carried three other ESBL-encoding variants,\n \n bla\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n bla\n CTX-M1<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n bla\n GES<\/jats:sub>\n and bla\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n , bla\n SHV<\/jats:sub>\n , bla\n CTX-M9<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , which may be due to their association with food chains and humans.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Indeed, our results suggest that raw vegetables are an important source of ESBL-resistant\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , which are potentially transmittable to humans via raw vegetable intake.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T05:52:35Z","timestamp":1629870755000},"page":"e11787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n and\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n isolated from raw vegetables retailed in Southern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chonticha","family":"Romyasamit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phoomjai","family":"Sornsenee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siriphorn","family":"Chimplee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sitanun","family":"Yuwalaksanakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dechawat","family":"Wongprot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phanvasri","family":"Saengsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.11787\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4554-6","article-title":"Assessment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) - 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